Dataset Information

Influences of Age, Sex and Smoking Habit on Flavor Recognition in Healthy Population.

ABSTRACT: (1) Background: Flavor is one of the main factors influencing food preferences and dietary choices, and a reduction in flavor recognition has been associated with several diseases. A novel quantitative test to assess flavor has been recently developed and validated. The aim of the present work was to define the standard of flavor recognition in the general healthy population. (2) Methods: Three hundred and forty-eight healthy volunteers (18-80 years) performed the flavor test (FT). The test consisted of the oral administration of aqueous aromatic solutions, identifying 21 different compounds. Flavor score (FS) was calculated as the sum of the properly recognized flavors (range 0-21). (3) Results: Normal ranges for FT were produced. Flavor recognition was found to decrease with age. Females obtained slightly higher scores than males, mostly at older ages. Cigarette smoking seemed not to influence flavor recognition. (4) Conclusion: The normal values found for the flavor test in the healthy population will allow its usage as a diagnostic tool in several diseases.

SUBMITTER: Nettore IC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7036887 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Influences of Age, Sex and Smoking Habit on Flavor Recognition in Healthy Population.

Nettore Immacolata Cristina IC Maione Luigi L Desiderio Silvio S De Nisco Emma E Franchini Fabiana F Palatucci Giuseppe G Ungaro Paola P Cantone Elena E Macchia Paolo Emidio PE Colao Annamaria A

International journal of environmental research and public health 20200204 3

(1) Background: Flavor is one of the main factors influencing food preferences and dietary choices, and a reduction in flavor recognition has been associated with several diseases. A novel quantitative test to assess flavor has been recently developed and validated. The aim of the present work was to define the standard of flavor recognition in the general healthy population. (2) Methods: Three hundred and forty-eight healthy volunteers (18-80 years) performed the flavor test (FT). The test cons ...[more]

PMID: 32033174

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Project description:There is a need for rigorous positron emission tomography (PET) and endocrine methods to address inconsistencies in the literature regarding age, sex, and reproductive hormone effects on central serotonin (5HT) 1A and 2A receptor binding potential (BP). Healthy subjects (n=71), aged 20-80 years, underwent 5HT1A and 2A receptor imaging using consecutive 90-min PET acquisitions with [(11)C]WAY100635 and [(18)F]altanserin. Logan graphical analysis was used to derive BP using atrophy-corrected distribution volume (V(T)) in prefrontal, mesiotemporal, occipital cortices, and raphe nucleus (5HT1A only). We used multivariate linear regression modeling to examine BP relationships with age, age(2), sex, and hormone concentrations, with post hoc regional significance set at p<0.008. There were small postsynaptic 5HT1A receptor BP increases with age and estradiol concentration in women (p=0.004-0.005) and a tendency for small 5HT1A receptor BP declines with age and free androgen index in men (p=0.05-0.06). Raphe 5HT1A receptor BP decreased 4.5% per decade of age (p=0.05), primarily in men. There was a trend for 15% receptor reductions in prefrontal cortical regions in women relative to men (post hoc p=0.03-0.10). The significant decline in 5HT2A receptor BP relative to age (8% per decade; p<0.001) was not related to sex or hormone concentrations. In conclusion, endocrine standardization minimized confounding introduced by endogenous hormonal fluctuations and reproductive stage and permitted us to detect small effects of sex, age, and endogenous sex steroid exposures upon 5HT1A binding. Reduced prefrontal cortical 5HT1A receptor BP in women vs men, but increased 5HT1A receptor BP with aging in women, may partially explain the increased susceptibility to affective disorders in women during their reproductive years that is mitigated in later life. 5HT1A receptor decreases with age in men might contribute to the known increased risk for suicide in men over age 75 years. Low hormone concentrations in adults <50 years of age may be associated with more extreme 5HT1A receptor BP values, but remains to be studied further. The 5HT2A receptor declines with age were not related to sex or hormone concentrations in this sample. Additional study in clinical populations is needed to further examine the affective role of sex-hormone-serotonin receptor relationships.

Project description:ImportanceKnowing whether the effects of smoking and other risk factors with lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) incidence varies by sex would provide information on lung cancer prevention strategies.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether women in Taiwan have higher age- and tumor stage-specific lung ADC incidence rates than men irrespective of smoking status (ie, ever smoker or never smoker).Design, setting, and participantsThis population-based cohort study used data sets synthesized from the Taiwan Cancer Registry (TCR) from 1979 to 2019; the TCR Long Form (TCRLF) from 2011 to 2019, which provides individual-level smoking and tumor stage information; the Taiwan Cause of Death Database (TCOD) from 1985 to 2019; the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) from 2000 to 2020; the Monthly Bulletin of Interior Statistics (MBIS) from 2011 to 2019; the National Health Interview Survey from 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, and 2017; and Taiwan Biobank data from 2008 to 2021. Included patients were aged 40 to 84 years and had any invasive lung cancer from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2019.ExposureSmoking status.Main outcomes and measuresThe main outcomes were age-specific female-to-male incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of lung ADC by smoking status and tumor stage. Linked data from the TCR, TCOD, NHIRD, Taiwan National Health Interview Survey, and MBIS were used to estimate the age- and sex-specific numbers of cancer-free individuals at midyears from 2011 to 2019 by smoking status. Using the TCR and TCRLF, age-, sex-, tumor stage-, and diagnosis year-specific numbers of patients with lung ADC from 2011 to 2019 by smoking status were estimated.ResultsA total of 61 285 patients (32 599 women [53.2%]) aged 40 to 84 years (mean [SD] age, 64.66 [10.79] years) in the Taiwanese population of approximately 23 million were diagnosed with invasive lung ADC as their first lifetime cancer between 2011 and 2019. Among smokers, men had higher tobacco use by almost all examined metrics, including nearly twice the mean (SD) number of pack-years smoked (eg, 7.87 [8.30] for men aged 30-34 years vs 4.38 [5.27] for women aged 30-34 years). For 5-year age bands between 40 and 84 years, incidence of lung ADC was significantly higher among females than males for nearly all age groups irrespective of tumor stage and smoking status (eg, for the age group 70-74 years, the female-to-male IRR for late-stage lung ADC among never smokers was 1.38 [95% CI, 1.30-1.50]).Conclusions and relevanceIn this cohort study, women had higher age- and stage-specific lung ADC incidence rates than men in Taiwan for both never and ever smokers, suggesting the possibility of differential exposures between sexes to risk factors other than smoking and the potential modification of ADC risk factors by sex. Further work is needed to determine whether this pattern replicates in other populations, discover the causes of lung ADC, and put preventive measures in place.

Dataset Information

Influences of Age, Sex and Smoking Habit on Flavor Recognition in Healthy Population.

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Influences of Age, Sex and Smoking Habit on Flavor Recognition in Healthy Population.

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