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Herpes simplex virus 2 infection: molecular association with HIV and novel microbicides to prevent disease.

ABSTRACT: Infection with herpes simplex viruses is one of the most ancient diseases described to affect humans. Infection with these viruses produces vexing effects to the host, which frequently recur. Infection with herpes simplex viruses is lifelong, and currently there is no vaccine or drug to prevent or cure infection. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection varies significantly depending on the geographical region and nears 20% worldwide. Importantly, HSV-2 is the first cause of genital ulcers in the planet. HSV-2 affects approximately 500 million people around the globe and significantly increases the likelihood of acquiring the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as well as its shedding. Thus, controlling HSV-2 infection and spread is of public health concern. Here, we review the diseases produced by herpes simplex viruses, the factors that modulate HSV-2 infection, the relationship between HSV-2 and HIV and novel therapeutic and prophylactic microbicides/antivirals under development to prevent infection and pathological outcomes produced by this virus. We also review mutations associated with HSV-2 resistance to common antivirals.

SUBMITTER: Suazo PA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7102243 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Herpes simplex virus 2 infection: molecular association with HIV and novel microbicides to prevent disease.

Suazo Paula A PA Tognarelli Eduardo I EI Kalergis Alexis M AM González Pablo A PA

Medical microbiology and immunology 20140911 2

Infection with herpes simplex viruses is one of the most ancient diseases described to affect humans. Infection with these viruses produces vexing effects to the host, which frequently recur. Infection with herpes simplex viruses is lifelong, and currently there is no vaccine or drug to prevent or cure infection. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection varies significantly depending on the geographical region and nears 20% worldwide. Importantly, HSV-2 is the first cause of genita ...[more]

PMID: 25209142

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Our objective was to assess the population-level association between herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) and HIV prevalence. METHODS:Reports of HSV-2 and HIV prevalence were systematically reviewed and synthesized following PRISMA guidelines. Spearman rank correlation ((Equation is included in full-text article.)) was used to assess correlations. Risk ratios (RRHSV-2/HIV) and odds ratios (ORHSV-2/HIV) were used to assess HSV-2/HIV epidemiologic overlap. DerSimonian-Laird random-effects meta-analyses were conducted. RESULTS:In total, 939 matched HSV-2/HIV prevalence measures were identified from 77 countries. HSV-2 prevalence was consistently higher than HIV prevalence. Strong HSV-2/HIV prevalence association was found for all data ((Equation is included in full-text article.)?=?0.6, P?<?0.001), all data excluding people who inject drugs (PWID) and children ((Equation is included in full-text article.)?=?0.7, P?<?0.001), female sex workers ((Equation is included in full-text article.)?=?0.5, P?<?0.001), and MSM ((Equation is included in full-text article.)?=?0.7, P?<?0.001). No association was found for PWID ((Equation is included in full-text article.)?=?0.2, P?=?0.222) and children ((Equation is included in full-text article.)?=?0.3, P?=?0.082). A threshold effect was apparent where HIV prevalence was limited at HSV-2 prevalence less than 20%, but grew steadily with HSV-2 prevalence for HSV-2 prevalence greater than 20%. The overall pooled mean RRHSV-2/HIV was 5.0 (95% CI 4.7-5.3) and ORHSV-2/HIV was 9.0 (95% CI 8.4-9.7). The RRHSV-2/HIV and ORHSV-2/HIV showed similar patterns that conveyed inferences about HSV-2 and HIV epidemiology. CONCLUSION:HSV-2 and HIV prevalence are strongly associated. HSV-2 prevalence can be used as a proxy 'biomarker' of HIV epidemic potential, acting as a 'temperature scale' of the intensity of sexual risk behavior that drive HIV transmission. HSV-2 prevalence can be used to identify populations and/or sexual networks at high-risk of future HIV expansion, and help prioritization, optimization, and resource allocation of cost-effective prevention interventions.

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Herpes simplex virus 2 infection: molecular association with HIV and novel microbicides to prevent disease.

Publications

Herpes simplex virus 2 infection: molecular association with HIV and novel microbicides to prevent disease.

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