Dataset Information

Fecal bacterial community of finishing beef steers fed ruminally protected and non-protected active dried yeast.

ABSTRACT: Our previous study suggested that supplementation of high-grain diets with ruminally protected and non-protected active dried yeast (ADY) may potentially reduce manure pathogen excretion by feedlot cattle. We hypothesized that feeding ruminally protected ADY might change the fecal bacterial community of finishing cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding ruminally protected and non-protected ADY to finishing beef steers on their fecal bacterial community. Fresh fecal samples were collected on day 56 from 50 steers fed one of five treatments: 1) control (no monensin, tylosin, or ADY), 2) antibiotics (ANT, 330 mg monensin + 110 mg tylosin·steer-1d-1), 3) ADY (1.5 g·steer-1d-1), 4) encapsulated ADY (EDY; 3 g·steer-1d-1), and 5) a mixture of ADY and EDY (MDY; 1.5 g ADY + 3 g EDY·steer-1d-1). Bacterial DNA was extracted from fecal samples and sequenced using a MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform. A total number of 2,128,772 high-quality V4 16S rRNA sequences from 50 fecal samples were analyzed, and 1,424 operational taxonomic units (OTU) were detected based on 97% nucleotide sequence identity among reads, with 769 OTU shared across the five treatments. Alpha diversity indices, including species observed, Chao estimate, abundance-based coverage estimator, Shannon, Simpson, and coverage, did not differ among treatments, and principal coordinate analysis revealed a high similarity among treatments without independent distribution. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were dominant phyla in the fecal bacterial community for all treatments, with a tendency (P < 0.10) for greater relative abundance of Bacteroidetes but lesser Firmicutes with ANT, EDY, and MDY compared with control steers. Prevotella was the dominant genus in all treatments and steers supplemented with ANT, EDY, and MDY had greater (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Prevotella than control steers, but lesser (P < 0.03) relative abundance of Oscillospira. No differences between ADY and control were observed for the aforementioned variables. Fecal starch contents were not different among treatments, but the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, as well as Prevotella at genera level, tended (P < 0.06) to be positively correlated to fecal starch content. We conclude that supplementing ruminally protected or non-protected ADY or ANT had no effect on diversity and richness of fecal bacteria of finishing beef cattle, whereas feeding protected ADY or ANT to finishing beef steers altered the dominant fecal bacteria at phylum and genus levels. Therefore, supplementation of ruminally protected ADY may potentially improve intestinal health by stimulating the relative abundance of Prevotella.

SUBMITTER: Ran T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7105065 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Fecal bacterial community of finishing beef steers fed ruminally protected and non-protected active dried yeast.

Ran Tao T Jiao Peixin P AlZahal Ousama O Xie Xiaolai X Beauchemin Karen A KA Niu Dongyan D Yang Wenzhu W

Journal of animal science 20200401 4

Our previous study suggested that supplementation of high-grain diets with ruminally protected and non-protected active dried yeast (ADY) may potentially reduce manure pathogen excretion by feedlot cattle. We hypothesized that feeding ruminally protected ADY might change the fecal bacterial community of finishing cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding ruminally protected and non-protected ADY to finishing beef steers on their fecal bacterial community. Fres ...[more]

PMID: 32068850

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Project description:The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing the diet of finishing beef steers with active dried yeast (ADY) in ruminally protected and nonprotected forms on growth performance, carcass traits, and immune response. Seventy-five individually-fed Angus steers (initial body weight (BW) ± SD, 448 ± 8.4 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete design with 5 treatments: 1) control (no monensin, tylosin, or ADY), 2) antibiotics (ANT, 330 mg monensin + 110 mg tylosin·steer-1d-1), 3) ADY (1.5 g·steer-1d-1), 4) encapsulated ADY (EDY; 3 g·steer-1d-1), and 5) a mixture of ADY and EDY (MDY; 1.5 g ADY + 3 g EDY·steer-1d-1). Active dried yeast with 1.7 × 1010 cfu/g was encapsulated in equal amounts of ADY and capsule materials (stearic acid and palm oil). Steers were fed a total mixed ration containing 10% barley silage and 90% barley-based concentrate mix (dry matter [DM] basis). The ANT, ADY, and EDY were top-dressed daily to the diet at feeding. Intake of DM, final BW, averaged daily gain (ADG), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) were unaffected by ADY or EDY. Carcass traits including hot carcass weight (HCW), dressing percentage, marbling score and quality grade did not differ among treatments, although fewer severely abscessed livers were observed (P < 0.05) with ADY and MDY compared with the other treatments. Plasma urea N tended (P < 0.10) to be greater in steers fed ANT, ADY, or EDY on day 56 and 112, while glucose remained stable in all treatments except greater (P < 0.02) plasma glucose occurred in steers fed MDY on day 112. Serum nonestrified fatty acid (NEFA) was unaffected by ADY or EDY, but it was greater (P < 0.03) in steers fed ANT compared with control. Plasma haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA) were affected by yeast supplementation on day 112, with greater (P < 0. 01) Hp in steers fed ADY, EDY, or MDY and lesser (P < 0.01) SAA in steers fed EDY and MDY than control. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein concentrations were greater (P < 0.01) in steers fed EDY and MDY on day 56. Supplementing with ADY (protected or nonprotected) or ANT had no effect on fecal IgA contents on day 56 and 112. Steers fed yeast (EDY or MDY) tended (P < 0.10) to have fewer fecal Escherichia coli counts than the control and ANT on day 56 and 112. These results indicate that feeding ADY to feedlot cattle may exhibit antipathogenic activity that conferred health and food safety beneficial effects including reduced liver abscess and potentially pathogen excretion, thus yeast may be an alternative to in-feed antibiotics in natural beef cattle production systems.

Project description:Single-pass corn stover harvest is a method whereby combine harvester tailings consisting of cob, stalk, leaf, husk, and tassel fractions are collected and baled without coming into contact with soil. The objective was to feed beef steers diets that included a roughage component consisting of harvested corn residue in chopped form from conventional corn stover bales (CST) or single-pass bales (SPB) to assess intake selectivity of corn stover fractions and estimate net energy values of these corn stovers. Whole plant corn silage served as the control roughage in the control diet (CSIL). Steers (n = 90, 5 pens per treatment) were fed during Grow (84 d) and Finish (66 d) trials. Steers sorted through corn stover during both trials and consumed 52.5% of corn stover offered and 40% of cob offered. Intake of SPB cob was 2.6-fold and 3.3-fold greater than CST cob intake (P < 0.01) in Grow and Finish trials, respectively, indicating that when more cob was available, cattle consumed more. During the Grow trial, stover intake tended (P = 0.07) to be lower for SPB and diet dry matter intake (DMI) was less (P ≤ 0.05) for SPB, which may be due to the elevated cob intake by SPB steers. Across treatments, stover DMI was similar in the Grow (1.10 kg per steer per d) and Finish (1.11 kg per steer per d) trials. The proportion (65%) of Fines (<8 mm) consumed from the Grow diet (40% neutral detergent fiber, aNDF) was greater than the Finish diet (25% aNDF; 18% to 31%) and gleaning of concentrate feeds from orts seemed to be more extensive in the Grow diet. Steers consuming Finish diets containing SPB and CST had DMI that were 17% and 18%, respectively, greater (P ≤ 0.05) than CSIL, an indication of compensatory intake. The physical effectiveness factors for stovers fed in the Grow and Finish diets were 0.85 and 0.95, respectively. Estimates for net energy maintenance and net energy gain (NEg), respectively, using National Research Council methods from 2001 were as follows for consumed stovers: SPB (1.09 and 0.54 Mcal/kg) and CST (0.98 and 0.44 Mcal/kg) in the Grow trial, and SPB (0.96 and 0.42 Mcal/kg) and CST (0.95 and 0.40 Mcal/kg) in the Finish trial. Although SPB and CST differ in botanical fraction composition and net intakes of botanical fractions, their energetic contributions to steer performance were very similar. Steers fed the Finish diet (1.25 Mcal performance-adjusted NEg per kg) selected stover botanical components to achieve a diet composition of 25% aNDF.

Project description:Background:Previous studies have evaluated the metabolic status of animals fed direct-fed microbial (DFM) using enzyme-based assays which are time-consuming and limited to a few metabolites. In addition, little emphasis has been placed on investigating the effects of DFM on hindgut microbiota. We examined the effects of dietary supplementation of a blend of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based DFM and fermentation products on the plasma concentrations of carbonyl-containing metabolites via a metabolomics approach, and fecal bacterial community, via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, of beef steers during a 42-day receiving period. Forty newly weaned steers were randomly assigned to receive a basal diet with no additive (CON; n?=?20) or a basal diet supplemented with 19?g of Commence™ (PROB; n?=?20) for a 42-day period. Commence™ (PMI, Arden Hills, MN) is a blend of 6.2 × 1011?cfu/g of S. cerevisiae, 3.5?×?1010?cfu/g of a mixture of Enterococcus lactis, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecium, and Lactobacillus casei, and the fermentation products of these aforementioned microorganisms and those of Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger. On d 0 and 40, rectal fecal samples were collected randomly from 10 steers from each treatment group. On d 42, blood was collected for plasma preparation. Results:A total number of 812 plasma metabolites were detected. Up to 305 metabolites [fold change (FC)???1.5, FDR???0.01] including glucose, hippuric acid, and 5-hydroxykynurenamine were increased by PROB supplementation, whereas 199 metabolites (FC???0.63, FDR???0.01) including acetoacetate were reduced. Supplementation of PROB increased (P???0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae UCG-003, Megasphaera, Dorea, Acetitomaculum, and Blautia. In contrast, the relative abundance of Elusimicrobium, Moheibacter, Stenotrophomonas, Comamonas, and uncultured bacterium belonging to family p-2534-18B5 gut group (phylum Bacteroidetes) were reduced (P???0.05). Conclusions:The results of this study demonstrated that supplementation of PROB altered both the plasma carbonyl metabolome towards increased glucose concentration suggesting an improved energy status, and fecal bacterial community, suggesting an increased hindgut fermentation of the beef steers.

Project description:The present study investigated the effects of fermented complete feed (FCF) on fecal microbial composition during the grower-finisher period. A total of 20 pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 48.74± 1.49 kg) were divided randomly into two groups: the CN group (pigs fed with a basal diet) and the FCF group (pigs fed with FCF). After a 60-day trial period, 3 pigs with middle-weight from each treatment were selected for fecal sampling and fecal microbiota analysis. The results showed that the FCF significantly increased operational taxonomic units (OUT) numbers, alpha diversity (Simpson index and Shannon index), and beta diversity, which means that FCF increased the fecal microbiota diversity. At the phylum level, the abundance of Tenericutes, Spirochaetae, Verrucomicrobia, and Cyanobacteria were changed in pigs fed with FCF; and at the genus level, the abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Treponema_2, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Phascolarctobacterium, Roseburia, and Prevotella_9 were changed in pigs fed with FCF. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis showed that Roseburia and Prevotella_9 genera were increased, while Tenericutes phyla and Streptococcus, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, and Lactobacillus genera were decreased in the FCF group compared to the CN group. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) results predicted that the relative abundance of infectious diseases: parasitic associated genes, xenobiotics biodegradation, and metabolism-associated genes were significantly reduced in the FCF group when compared with the CN group, and the relative abundance of signal transduction associated genes, amino acid metabolism-related genes, and replication and repair associated genes were significantly higher in the FCF group when compared with the CN group. In addition, the relative abundance of transport and catabolism-associated genes, membrane transport-associated genes, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolite-associated genes tended to be higher in the FCF group when compared with the CN group; and the relative abundance of immune diseases associated genes tended to be lower in the FCF group when compared with the CN group. In conclusion, the FCF influenced the alpha and beta diversity of the fecal microbiota of pigs.

Project description:The objective of this experiment was to determine if supplying additional propionate to the rumen alters dry matter intake (DMI), feeding behavior, glucose metabolism, and rumen fluid metabolites in steers fed a finishing diet. Ruminally cannulated steers (n = 6) were fed a finishing diet ad libitum. Steers were randomly assigned to one of three treatments in a 3 × 6 Latin rectangle design with three 15 d periods. Treatments of no Ca propionate (Control), 100 g/d (Low), or 300 g/d (High) were ruminally dosed twice daily. Individual intake was measured using an Insentec feeding system. Pre-feeding blood samples were collected on day 7 and rumen fluid samples were collected on day 13. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was conducted on day 14 and liver biopsies were collected on day 15. Liver samples were analyzed for expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with period, treatment, day, and their interaction included, with day and minute within period as a repeated measure and steer as a random effect. Meal size (P = 0.049), meal frequency (P = 0.046), and DMI (P < 0.001) were decreased in High steers. Day 7 plasma glucose (P = 0.23) and lactate (P = 0.47) were not affected by treatment, but insulin was decreased (P = 0.008) and non-esterified fatty acids were increased (P = 0.044) in the High treatment compared with the Control. Rumen fluid lactate was decreased (P = 0.015) in the High treatment compared with the Low treatment. Total VFA concentrations did not differ (P = 0.88) between treatments. There was treatment × time interaction for proportions of acetate and propionate (P < 0.001) and the acetate:propionate ratio (P = 0.005). The effect on acetate was due to a decrease in the High treatment 2 h after dosing the treatment. Propionate proportions were greater in the High treatment than the Control at all time points and differed from the Low except at 0 h. Propionate treatments had no major effects on the glucose and insulin parameters observed in the IVGTT other than a tendency (P = 0.09) for an increased insulin time to peak. These data indicate that exogenous propionate decreases DMI but the decrease in propionate from fermentation due to reduced DMI might negate the supply of exogenous propionate in VFA supply to the animal. Mechanisms other than hepatic oxidation of propionate might be responsible for DMI regulation.

Project description:We examined the effects of two direct-fed microbial (DFM) products containing multiple microbial species and their fermentation products on ruminal metatranscriptome and carboxyl-metabolome of beef steers. Nine ruminally-cannulated Holstein steers were assigned to 3 treatments arranged in a 3 × 3 Latin square design with three 21-d periods. Dietary treatments were (1) Control (CON; basal diet without additive), (2) Commence (PROB; basal diet plus 19 g/d of Commence), and (3) RX3 (SYNB; basal diet plus 28 g/d of RX3). Commence and RX3 are both S. cerevisiae-based DFM products containing several microbial species and their fermentation products. Mixed ruminal contents collected multiple times after feeding on day 21 were used for metatranscriptome and carboxyl-metabolome analysis. Partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed a distinct transcriptionally active taxonomy profiles between CON and each of the PROB and SYNB samples. Compared to CON, the steers fed supplemental PROB had 3 differential (LDA ≥ 2.0; p ≤ 0.05) transcriptionally active taxa, none of which were at the species level, and those fed SYNB had eight differential (LDA > 2.0, p ≤ 0.05) transcriptionally active taxa, but there was no difference (p > 0.05) between PROB and SYNB. No functional microbial genes were differentially expressed among the treatments. Compared with CON, 3 metabolites (hydroxylpropionic acid and 2 isomers of propionic acid) were increased (FC ≥ 1.2, FDR ≤ 0.05), whereas 15 metabolites, including succinic acid and fatty acid peroxidation and amino acid degradation products were reduced (FC ≤ 0.83, FDR ≤ 0.05) by supplemental PROB. Compared with CON, 2 metabolites (2 isomers of propionic acid) were increased (FC ≥ 1.2, FDR ≤ 0.05), whereas 2 metabolites (succinic acid and pimelate) were reduced (FC ≤ 0.83, FDR ≤ 0.05) by supplemental SYNB. Compared to SYNB, supplemental PROB reduced (FC ≤ 0.83, FDR ≤ 0.05) the relative abundance of four fatty acid peroxidation products in the rumen. This study demonstrated that dietary supplementation with either PROB or SYNB altered the ruminal fermentation pattern. In addition, supplemental PROB reduced concentrations of metabolic products of fatty acid peroxidation and amino acid degradation. Future studies are needed to evaluate the significance of these alterations to ruminal fatty acid and amino acid metabolisms, and their influence on beef cattle performance.

Project description:Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle are polymicrobial infections. Culture-based studies have identified Fusobacterium necrophorum as the primary causative agent, but a number of other bacterial species are frequently isolated. The incidence of liver abscesses is highly variable and is affected by a number of factors, including cattle type. Holstein steers raised for beef production have a higher incidence than crossbred feedlot cattle. Tylosin is the commonly used antimicrobial feed additive to reduce the incidence of liver abscesses. The objective of this study was to utilize 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequence analyses to analyze the bacterial community composition of purulent material of liver abscesses of crossbred cattle (n = 24) and Holstein steers (n = 24), each fed finishing diet with or without tylosin. DNA was extracted and the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. The minimum, mean, and maximum sequence reads per sample were 996, 177,070, and 877,770, respectively, across all the liver abscess samples. Sequence analyses identified 5 phyla, 14 families, 98 genera, and 102 amplicon sequence variants (ASV) in the 4 treatment groups. The dominant phyla identified were Fusobacteria (52% of total reads) and Proteobacteria (33%). Of the top 25 genera identified, 17 genera were Gram negative and 8 were Gram positive. The top 3 genera, which accounted for 75% of the total reads, in the order of abundance, were Fusobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Bacteroides. The relative abundance, expressed as percent of total reads, of phyla, family, and genera did not differ (P > 0.05) between the 4 treatment groups. Generic richness and evenness, determined by Shannon-Weiner and Simpson's diversity indices, respectively, did not differ between the groups. The UniFrac distance matrices data revealed no clustering of the ASV indicating variance between the samples within each treatment group. Co-occurrence network analysis at the genus level indicated a strong association of Fusobacterium with 15 other genera, and not all of them have been previously isolated from liver abscesses. In conclusion, the culture-independent method identified the bacterial composition of liver abscesses as predominantly Gram negative and Fusobacterium as the dominant genus, followed by Pseudomonas. The bacterial community composition did not differ between crossbred and Holstein steers fed finishing diets with or without tylosin.

Dataset Information

Fecal bacterial community of finishing beef steers fed ruminally protected and non-protected active dried yeast.

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Fecal bacterial community of finishing beef steers fed ruminally protected and non-protected active dried yeast.

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