Surface Disinfection
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: DePaola L
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7120455 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Nov
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BACKGROUND: The Rudolf Schuelke Foundation addresses topics related to hygiene, infection prevention and public health. In this context a panel of scientists from various European countries discussed "The Role of Surface Disinfection in Infection Prevention". The most important findings and conclusions of this meeting are summarised in the present consensus paper. AIM: Although the relevance of surface disinfection is increasingly being accepted, there are still a number of issues which remain controversial. In particular, the following topics were addressed: Transferral of microbes from surface to patients as a cause of infection, requirements for surface disinfectants, biocidal resistance and toxicity, future challenges. METHODS AND FINDINGS: After discussion and review of current scientific literature the authors agreed that contaminated surfaces contribute to the transmission of pathogens and may thus pose an infection hazard. Targeted surface disinfection based on a risk profile is seen as an indispensable constituent in a multibarrier approach of universal infection control precautions. Resistance and cross-resistance depend on the disinfectant agent as well as on the microbial species. Prudent implementation of surface disinfection regimens tested to be effective can prevent or minimize adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Disinfection must be viewed as a holistic process. There is a need for defining standard principles for cleaning and disinfection, for ensuring compliance with these principles by measures such as written standard operating procedures, adequate training and suitable audit systems. Also, test procedures must be set up in order to demonstrate the efficacy of disinfectants including new application methods such as pre-soaked wipes for surface disinfection.
| S-EPMC3746601 | biostudies-other
Project description:Touching of contaminated objects and surfaces is a well-known method of virus transmission. Once they are attached to the hands, viruses can easily get adsorbed and initiate infection. Hence, disinfection of frequently touched surfaces is of major importance to prevent virus spreading. Here we studied the antiviral activity of a glucoprotamin-containing disinfectant against influenza A virus and the model virus vaccinia virus (VACV) dried on inanimate surfaces. The efficacy of the surface disinfectant on stainless steel, polyvinyl chloride, and glass coupons was investigated in a quantitative carrier test. Vacuum-dried viruses were exposed to 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% disinfectant for 5 min, 15 min, and 30 min without agitation, and residual infectivity was determined by endpoint titration. Although glucoprotamin was highly active against both viruses in suspension, limited antiviral activity against the surface-dried viruses was detected. Even after 30 min of exposure to 1% disinfectant, VACV was not completely inactivated. Furthermore, influenza A virus inactivation was strongly affected by the surface composition during the 5-min and 15-min treatments with 0.25% and 0.5% disinfectant. The results presented in this study highlight the relevance of practical tests to assess the antiviral activity of surface disinfectants. High virucidal activity in solution is not necessarily indicative of high antiviral activity against surface-dried viruses. In addition, we want to emphasize that the mere exposure of surfaces to disinfectants might not be sufficient for virus inactivation and mechanical action should be applied to bring attached viruses into contact with virucidal compounds.
| S-EPMC4249173 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Colloidal- Ag -impregnated alkali-activated foams for point-of-use water disinfection
| PRJEB61958 | ENA
Project description:Disinfection is crucial to control and prevent microbial pathogens on surfaces. Nonetheless, disinfectants misuse in routine disinfection has increased the concern on their impact on bacterial resistance and cross-resistance. This work aims to develop a formulation for surface disinfection based on the combination of a natural product, cinnamaldehyde, and a widely used biocide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The wiping method was based on the Wiperator test (ASTM E2967-15) and the efficacy evaluation of surface disinfection wipes test (EN 16615:2015). After formulation optimization, the wiping of a contaminated surface with 6.24 log10 colony-forming units (CFU) of Escherichia coli or 7.10 log10 CFU of Staphylococcus aureus led to a reduction of 4.35 log10 CFU and 4.27 log10 CFU when the wipe was impregnated with the formulation in comparison with 2.45 log10 CFU and 1.50 log10 CFU as a result of mechanical action only for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Furthermore, the formulation prevented the transfer of bacteria to clean surfaces. The work presented highlights the potential of a combinatorial approach of a classic biocide with a phytochemical for the development of disinfectant formulations, with the advantage of reducing the concentration of synthetic biocides, which reduces the potentially negative environmental and public health impacts from their routine use.
| S-EPMC7660177 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Ambulances are frequently contaminated with infectious microorganisms shed by patients during transport that can be transferred to subsequent patients and emergency medical service workers. Manual decontamination is tedious and time-consuming, and persistent contamination is common even after cleaning. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) has been proposed as a terminal disinfection method for ambulance patient compartments. However, no published studies have tested the use of UVGI in ambulances. The objectives of this study were to investigate the efficacy of a UVGI system in an ambulance patient compartment and to examine the impact of UVGI fixture position and the UV reflectivity of interior surfaces on the time required for disinfection. A UVGI fixture was placed in the front, middle, or back of an ambulance patient compartment, and the UV irradiance was measured at 49 locations. Aluminum sheets and UV-reflective paint were added to examine the effects of increasing surface reflectivity on disinfection time. Disinfection tests were conducted using Bacillus subtilis spores as a surrogate for pathogens. Our results showed that the UV irradiance varied considerably depending upon the surface location. For example, with the UVGI fixture in the back position and without the addition of UV-reflective surfaces, the most irradiated location received a dose of UVGI sufficient for disinfection in 16 s, but the least irradiated location required 15 hr. Because the overall time required to disinfect all of the interior surfaces is determined by the time required to disinfect the surfaces receiving the lowest irradiation levels, the patient compartment disinfection times for different UVGI configurations ranged from 16.5 hr to 59 min depending upon the UVGI fixture position and the interior surface reflectivity. These results indicate that UVGI systems can reduce microbial surface contamination in ambulance compartments, but the systems must be rigorously validated before deployment. Optimizing the UVGI fixture position and increasing the UV reflectivity of the interior surfaces can substantially improve the performance of a UVGI system and reduce the time required for disinfection.
| S-EPMC6379899 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) was successfully synthesised by the in situ chemical co-precipitation method with Fe3+, Fe2+ and graphene oxide (GO) in laboratory and, was used as an adsorbent for disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors removing from four natural surface water samples. The results indicate that various DBPs formation significantly decreased by 7-19% to 78-98% for the four samples after MGO treatment and, the treatment process was rapidly reached equilibrium within 20 minutes. The DBP precursors removal efficiency decreased with the increasing pH value from 4 to 10. Hydrophobic compounds (humic acid and fulvic acid) are more sensitive to MGO, whereas hydrophilic and nitrogenous compounds (aromatic proteins) are more insensitive. MGO could be regenerated by using 20% (v/v) ethanol and, the DBP precursors removal efficiency can stay stable after five cycles. These results indicate that MGO can be utilized as a promising adsorbent for the removal of DBP precursors from natural surface water.
| S-EPMC4666622 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Opportunistic pathogens can linger on surfaces in hospital and building plumbing environments, leading to infections in at-risk populations. Furthermore, biofilm-associated bacteria are protected from removal and inactivation protocols such as disinfection. Bacteriophages show promise as tools to treat antibiotic-resistant infections. As such, phages may also be useful in environmental applications to prevent newly acquired infections. In the current study, the potential of synergies between bacteriophage and chemical disinfection against the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa was assessed under various conditions. Specifically, surface-associated P. aeruginosa was treated with various concentrations of phages (P1 or JG004), chemical disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite or benzalkonium chloride), or combined sequential treatments under three distinct attachment models (spot inoculations, dry biofilms, and wet biofilms). Phages were very effective at removing bacteria in spot inoculations (>3.2 log10 removal) and wet biofilms (up to 2.6 log10 removal), while phages prevented the regrowth of dry biofilms in the application time. In addition, phage treatment followed by chemical disinfection inactivated P. aeruginosa cells under wet biofilm conditions better than either treatment alone. This effect was hindered when chemical disinfection was applied first, followed by phage treatment, suggesting that the additive benefits of combination treatments are lost when phage is applied last. Furthermore, we confirm previous evidence of greater phage tolerance to benzalkonium chloride than to sodium hypochlorite, informing choices for combination phage-disinfectant approaches. Overall, this paper further supports the potential of using combination phage and chemical disinfectant treatments to improve the inactivation of surface-associated P. aeruginosa. IMPORTANCE Phages are already utilized in the health care industry to treat antibiotic-resistant infections, such as those on implant-associated biofilms and in compassionate-care cases. Phage treatment could also be a promising new tool to control pathogens in the built environment, preventing infections from occurring. This study shows that phages can be combined effectively with chemical disinfectants to improve the removal of wet biofilms and bacteria spotted onto surfaces while preventing regrowth in dry biofilms. This has the potential to improve pathogen containment within the built environment and drinking water infrastructure to prevent infections by opportunistic pathogens.
| S-EPMC8478462 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe importance of environmental contamination in the transmission of pathogens among hospitalized patients is universally recognized, and disinfection of surfaces is a widely accepted modality for reducing healthcare-associated infections. Nevertheless, hospital disinfection is still suboptimal. In this study, we evaluated the sustained effects of the novel formulation OxiLast™ which extends the antimicrobial effects of chlorine-based disinfectants.MethodsIn an experimental lab phase, PVC surfaces were coated with OxiLast™ and then inoculated with representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Cells were recovered at different contact times (5, 15, 30 min) to assess the reduction in bacterial counts compared to uncoated surfaces and also subject to various challenges to assess robustness. A similar methodology was then applied in an unoccupied hospital room to evaluate the sustained effect of OxiLast™ on high-touch surfaces.ResultsOxiLast™ demonstrated notable activity against the range of bacterial strains tested with ≥ 4 log10 reduction in bacterial counts observed for up to seven days following one surface application, for various strains and contact times. Similar results were observed following challenges such as simulated abrasion of coated surfaces, organic contamination or successive inoculations. The results were confirmed in a simulated patient care environment.ConclusionsThe addition of OxiLast™ to common chlorine-based disinfectants has shown a substantial and sustained reduction in bacterial pathogen counts for up to 7 days following one application. The consistent results in the laboratory and hospital are promising and should be tested in a real-life clinical scenario.
| S-EPMC10666328 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Surface disinfection of water facilities such as water wells requires measures that can remove pathogens from the walls to ensure a high drinking water quality, but many of these measures might increase corrosion of the contact surfaces (often highly pure steel) and affect the environment negatively due to disinfectant-contaminated waste sludge and wastewater. Today, most treatments worldwide are based on hypochlorites. We investigated the extent of corrosion during treatments of steel at relevant conditions of ozone, sodium, and calcium hypochlorite for drinking water preparation, utilizing weight loss, electrochemical, solution analytical, and surface analytical methods. The ozone treatment caused significantly less corrosion as compared with sodium or calcium hypochlorite with 150-250 mg/L active chlorine. Hypochlorite or other chlorine-containing compounds were trapped in corrosion products after the surface disinfection treatment with hypochlorite, and this risked influencing subsequent corrosion after the surface disinfection treatment. A life cycle impact assessment suggested ozone treatment to have the lowest negative effects on human health, ecosystems, and resources. Calcium hypochlorite showed the highest negative environmental impact due to its production phase. Our study suggests that ozone surface disinfection treatments are preferable as compared with hypochlorite treatments from corrosion, economic, and environmental perspectives.
| S-EPMC7136315 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Effective cleaning and disinfection procedures are an integral part of good manufacturing practice and in maintaining hygiene standards in health-care facilities. In this study, a method to validate such cleaning and disinfection procedures of surfaces was established employing lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encapsulating DNA. It was possible to determine and distinguish between the physical cleaning effect (dilution) and the chemical cleaning effect (disintegration) on the LNPs during the cleaning and disinfection procedure (wiping). After treatment with 70 v % ethanol as a disinfectant and SDS solution as a cleaning agent, LNPs showed log10 reductions of 4.5 and 4.0, respectively. These values are similar to the log10 reductions exhibited by common bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens. Therefore, LNPs pose as useful tools for cleaning validation with advantages over the already existing tools and enable a separate detection of dilution and chemical disinfectant action.
| S-EPMC10031560 | biostudies-literature