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13C Chemical Shifts in Proteins: A Rich Source of Encoded Structural Information

ABSTRACT: Despite the formidable progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, quality assessment of NMR-derived structures remains as an important problem. Thus, validation of protein structures is essential for the spectroscopists, since it could enable them to detect structural flaws and potentially guide their efforts in further refinement. Moreover, availability of accurate and efficient validation tools would help molecular biologists and computational chemists to evaluate quality of available experimental structures and to select a protein model which is the most suitable for a given scientific problem. The 13C? nuclei are ubiquitous in proteins, moreover, their shieldings are easily obtainable from NMR experiments and represent a rich source of encoded structural information that makes 13C? chemical shifts an attractive candidate for use in computational methods aimed at determination and validation of protein structures. In this chapter, the basis of a novel methodology of computing, at the quantum chemical level of theory, the 13C? shielding for the amino acid residues in proteins is described. We also identify and examine the main factors affecting the 13C?-shielding computation. Finally, we illustrate how the information encoded in the 13C chemical shifts can be used for a number of applications, viz., from protein structure prediction of both ?-helical and ?-sheet conformations, to determination of the fraction of the tautomeric forms of the imidazole ring of histidine in proteins as a function of pH or to accurate detection of structural flaws, at a residue-level, in NMR-determined protein models.

SUBMITTER: Liwo A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7121069 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Two major techniques have been used to determine the three-dimensional structures of proteins: X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. In particular, the validation of NMR-derived protein structures is one of the most challenging problems in NMR spectroscopy. Therefore, researchers have proposed a plethora of methods to determine the accuracy and reliability of protein structures. Despite these proposals, there is a growing need for more sophisticated, physics-based structure validation methods. This approach will enable us to (a) characterize the "quality" of the NMR-derived ensemble as a whole by a single parameter, (b) unambiguously identify flaws in the sequence at a residue level, and (c) provide precise information, such as sets of backbone and side-chain torsional angles, that we can use to detect local flaws. Rather than reviewing all of the existing validation methods, this Account describes the contributions of our research group toward a solution of the long-standing problem of both global and local structure validation of NMR-derived protein structures. We emphasize a recently introduced physics-based methodology that makes use of observed and computed (13)C(alpha) chemical shifts (at the density functional theory (DFT) level of theory) for an accurate validation of protein structures in solution and in crystals. By assessing the ability of computed (13)C(alpha) chemical shifts to reproduce observed (13)C(alpha) chemical shifts of a single structure or ensemble of structures in solution and in crystals, we accomplish a global validation by using the conformationally averaged root-mean-square deviation, ca-rmsd, as a scoring function. In addition, the method enables us to provide local validation by identifying a set of individual amino acid conformations for which the computed and observed (13)C(alpha) chemical shifts do not agree within a certain error range and may represent a nonreliable fold of the protein model. Although it is computationally intensive, our validation method has several advantages, which we illustrate through a series of applications. This method makes use of the (13)C(alpha) chemical shifts, not shielding, that are ubiquitous to proteins and can be computed precisely from the phi, psi, and chi torsional angles. There is no need for a priori knowledge of the oligomeric state of the protein, and no knowledge-based information or additional NMR data are required. The primary limitation at this point is the computational cost of such calculations. However, we anticipate that enhancements in the speed of calculating these chemical shifts coupled with the ever-increasing computational power should soon make this a standard method accessible to the general NMR community.

Project description:Interest centers here on the analysis of two different, but related, phenomena that affect side-chain conformations and consequently 13C(alpha) chemical shifts and their applications to determine, refine, and validate protein structures. The first is whether 13C(alpha) chemical shifts, computed at the DFT level of approximation with charged residues is a better approximation of observed 13C(alpha) chemical shifts than those computed with neutral residues for proteins in solution. Accurate computation of 13C(alpha) chemical shifts requires a proper representation of the charges, which might not take on integral values. For this analysis, the charges for 139 conformations of the protein ubiquitin were determined by explicit consideration of protein binding equilibria, at a given pH, that is, by exploring the 2(xi) possible ionization states of the whole molecule, with xi being the number of ionizable groups. The results of this analysis, as revealed by the shielding/deshielding of the 13C(alpha) nucleus, indicated that: (i) there is a significant difference in the computed 13C(alpha) chemical shifts, between basic and acidic groups, as a function of the degree of charge of the side chain; (ii) this difference is attributed to the distance between the ionizable groups and the 13C(alpha) nucleus, which is shorter for the acidic Asp and Glu groups as compared with that for the basic Lys and Arg groups; and (iii) the use of neutral, rather than charged, basic and acidic groups is a better approximation of the observed 13C(alpha) chemical shifts of a protein in solution. The second is how side-chain flexibility influences computed 13C(alpha) chemical shifts in an additional set of ubiquitin conformations, in which the side chains are generated from an NMR-derived structure with the backbone conformation assumed to be fixed. The 13C(alpha) chemical shift of a given amino acid residue in a protein is determined, mainly, by its own backbone and side-chain torsional angles, independent of the neighboring residues; the conformation of a given residue itself, however, depends on the environment of this residue and, hence, on the whole protein structure. As a consequence, this analysis reveals the role and impact of an accurate side-chain computation in the determination and refinement of protein conformation. The results of this analysis are: (i) a lower error between computed and observed 13C(alpha) chemical shifts (by up to 3.7 ppm), was found for approximately 68% and approximately 63% of all ionizable residues and all non-Ala/Pro/Gly residues, respectively, in the additional set of conformations, compared with results for the model from which the set was derived; and (ii) all the additional conformations exhibit a lower root-mean-square-deviation (1.97 ppm < or = rmsd < or = 2.13 ppm), between computed and observed 13C(alpha) chemical shifts, than the rmsd (2.32 ppm) computed for the starting conformation from which this additional set was derived. As a validation test, an analysis of the additional set of ubiquitin conformations, comparing computed and observed values of both 13C(alpha) chemical shifts and chi(1) torsional angles (given by the vicinal coupling constants, 3J(N-Cgamma) and 3J(C'-Cgamma), is discussed.

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13C Chemical Shifts in Proteins: A Rich Source of Encoded Structural Information

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