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Influence of Exercise on the Human Gut Microbiota of Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVES:To summarize the literature on the influence of exercise on the gut microbiota of healthy adults. METHODS:A systematic and comprehensive search in electronic database, including SciELO, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science up to July 5, 2019. Eligibility criterion was original studies conducted on healthy humans including exercise interventions or interventions involving any type of physical activity. RESULTS:The initial search retrieved 619 articles of which 18 met the inclusion criteria, 9 were observational, 4 reported very short-term exercise interventions, and 5 reported medium/long-term exercise interventions. Higher levels of physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness were positively associated with fecal bacterial alpha diversity. Contrasting associations were detected between both the level of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness and fecal counts for the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. Higher levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness were positively associated with the fecal concentration of short-chain fatty acids. Reports on the effects of very short-term and medium/long-term exercise interventions on the composition of the gut microbiota were inconsistent. DISCUSSION:Higher levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with higher fecal bacterial alpha diversity and with the increased representation of some phyla and certain short-chain fatty acids in the feces of healthy adults. Very short-term and medium/long-term exercise interventions seem to influence the fecal counts of some phyla. However, the heterogeneity between studies hampers any strong conclusions from being drawn. Better-designed studies are needed to unravel the possible mechanisms through which exercise might influence the composition and activity of the human gut microbiota.

SUBMITTER: Ortiz-Alvarez L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7145029 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Influence of Exercise on the Human Gut Microbiota of Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review.

Ortiz-Alvarez Lourdes L Xu Huiwen H Martinez-Tellez Borja B

Clinical and translational gastroenterology 20200201 2

<h4>Objectives</h4>To summarize the literature on the influence of exercise on the gut microbiota of healthy adults.<h4>Methods</h4>A systematic and comprehensive search in electronic database, including SciELO, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science up to July 5, 2019. Eligibility criterion was original studies conducted on healthy humans including exercise interventions or interventions involving any type of physical activity.<h4>Results</h4>The initial search retrieved 619 articles of which 18 me ...[more]

PMID: 32463624

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Project description:BackgroundThe characterization and research around the gut microbiome in older people emphasize microbial populations change considerably by losing the diversity of species. Then, this review aims to determine if there is any effect on the gut microbiota of adults older than 65 that starts an exercise intervention or improves physical activity level. Also, this review describes the changes in composition, diversity, and function of the gut microbiota of older subjects that had improved their physical activity level.MethodsThe type of studies included in this review were studies describing human gut microbiota responses to any exercise stimulus; cross-sectional studies focused on comparing gut microbiota in older adults with different physical activity levels-from athletes to inactive individuals; studies containing older people (women and men), and studies written in English. This review's primary outcomes of interest were gut microbiota abundance and diversity.ResultsTwelve cross-sectional studies and three randomized controlled trials were examined. Independently of the type of study, diversity metrics from Alpha and Beta diversity remained without changes in almost all the studies. Likewise, cross-sectional studies do not reflect significant changes in gut microbiota diversity; no significant differences were detected among diverse groups in the relative abundances of the major phyla or alpha diversity measures. Otherwise, relative abundance analysis showed a significant change in older adults who conducted an exercise program for five weeks or more at the genus level.ConclusionsHere, we did not identify significant shifts in diversity metrics; only one study reported a significant difference in Alpha diversity from overweight people with higher physical activity levels. The abundance of some bacteria is higher in aged people, after an exercise program, or in comparison with control groups, especially at the genus and species levels. There needs to be more information related to function and metabolic pathways that can be crucial to understand the effect of exercise and physical activity in older adults.Trial registrationPROSPERO ID: CRD42022331551.

Project description:Despite improved understanding of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus, explanations for individual variability in disease progression and response to treatment are incomplete. The gut microbiota has been linked to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and may account for this variability. We conducted a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of dietary and physical activity/exercise interventions in modulating the gut microbiota and improving glucose control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.A systematic search was conducted to identify studies reporting on the effect of dietary and physical activity/exercise interventions on the gut microbiota and glucose control in individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Study characteristics, methodological quality and details relating to interventions were captured using a data-extraction form. Meta-analyses were conducted where sufficient data were available, and other results were reported narratively.Eight studies met the eligibility criteria of the systematic review. No studies were found that reported on the effects of physical activity/exercise on the gut microbiota and glucose control. However, studies reporting on dietary interventions showed that such interventions were associated with modifications to the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota. There was a statistically significant improvement in HbA1c (standardised mean difference [SMD] -2.31 mmol/mol [95% CI -2.76, -1.85] [0.21%; 95% CI -0.26, -0.16]; I2?=?0%, p?<?0.01), but not in fasting blood glucose (SMD -0.25 mmol/l [95% CI -0.85, 0.35], I2?=?87%, p?>?0.05), fasting insulin (SMD -1.82 pmol/l [95% CI -7.23, 3.60], I2?=?54%, p?>?0.05) or HOMA-IR (SMD -0.15 [95% CI -0.63, 0.32], I2?=?69%, p?>?0.05) when comparing dietary interventions with comparator groups. There were no significant changes in the relative abundance of bacteria in the genera Bifidobacterium (SMD 1.29% [95% CI -4.45, 7.03], I2?=?33%, p?>?0.05), Roseburia (SMD -0.85% [95% CI -2.91, 1.21], I2?=?79%, p?>?0.05) or Lactobacillus (SMD 0.04% [95% CI -0.01, 0.09], I2?=?0%, p?>?0.05) when comparing dietary interventions with comparator groups. There were, however, other significant changes in the gut microbiota, including changes at various taxonomic levels, including phylum, family, genus and species, Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratios and changes in diversity matrices (? and ?). Dietary intervention had minimal or no effect on inflammation, short-chain fatty acids or anthropometrics.Dietary intervention was found to modulate the gut microbiota and improve glucose control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Although the results of the included studies are encouraging, this review highlights the need for further well-conducted interventional studies to inform the clinical use of dietary interventions targeting the gut microbiota.

Project description:Introduction: Hypertension is one of the major risk factors to human health and human studies on association between gut microbiota and hypertension or blood pressure have received increased attention. In the present study, we aim to evaluate gut microbiota dysbiosis in human hypertension using a method of systematic review. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched until March 2021 to identify eligible articles. Additional articles were also identified by searching specific authors in this field. Inclusion criteria were observational studies based on stool samples with hypertension group and control group. Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of the included studies. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020212219. Results: A total of 17 studies enrolling 9,085 participants were included. Fifteen of the enrolled studies showed good quality and two studies showed fair quality based on NOS. We found alpha diversity in hypertension decreased significantly and microbial structure can be separated compared with control groups. Gut microbiota of hypertension showed depletion of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producers and over-growth of some Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes members. Up-regulation of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, phosphotransferase system, ABC transporters, etc. and down-regulation of some amino acid metabolism, etc. in hypertension were reported. Fecal SCFAs levels increased and plasma SCFAs levels decreased in hypertension. Stronger microbial interactions in hypertension were seen. Conclusion: In conclusion, gut microbiota dysbiosis was observed in hypertension, including decreased diversity, altered microbial structure, compositional change of taxa, alterations of microbial function, nutritional and immunological factors, and microbial interactions. Poor absorption and high excretion of SCFAs may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. These findings may provide insights into etiology study and new microbial-based therapies of hypertension. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO database, identifier CRD42020212219.

Dataset Information

Influence of Exercise on the Human Gut Microbiota of Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review.

Publications

Influence of Exercise on the Human Gut Microbiota of Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review.

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