Daily exposure to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde and potential health risk associated with use of high and low nicotine e-liquid concentrations.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kosmider L
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7162853 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Apr
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Daily exposure to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde and potential health risk associated with use of high and low nicotine e-liquid concentrations.
Kosmider Leon L Cox Sharon S Zaciera Marzena M Kurek Jolanta J Goniewicz Maciej L ML McRobbie Hayden H Kimber Catherine C Dawkins Lynne L
Scientific reports 20200416 1
Recent evidence suggests that e-cigarette users tend to change their puffing behaviors when using e-liquids with reduced nicotine concentrations by taking longer and more frequent puffs. Using puffing regimens modelled on puffing topography data from 19 experienced e-cigarette users who switched between 18 and 6 mg/mL e-liquids with and without power adjustments, differences in daily exposure to carbonyl compounds and estimated changes in cancer risk were assessed by production of aerosols gener ...[more]
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Project description:Plasma or saliva cotinine concentrations are used widely as biomarkers of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and have been associated with the risk of SHS-related disease. Concentrations of cotinine and other nicotine metabolites are considerably higher in urine than in plasma or saliva, making chemical analysis easier. In addition, urine is often more convenient to collect in some SHS exposure studies. The optimal use of nicotine metabolites in urine, singly or in combination, with or without correction for urine creatinine concentration, to estimate plasma cotinine concentration with low-level nicotine exposure has not been determined.We dosed 36 nonsmokers with 100, 200, or 400 microg deuterium-labeled nicotine (simulating exposure to SHS) by mouth daily for 5 days and then measured plasma and urine cotinine and metabolites at various intervals over 24 hr.A plasma cotinine concentration of 1 ng/ml corresponds on average to a daily intake of 100 microg nicotine. Cotinine concentrations in urine averaged four to five times those in plasma. Correction of urine cotinine for creatinine concentration improved the correlation between urine and plasma cotinine. Measuring multiple cotinine metabolites in urine did not improve the correlation with plasma cotinine, compared with the use of urine cotinine alone.Measurement of urine cotinine corrected for creatinine concentration appears to be the best predictor of plasma cotinine.
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Project description:BackgroundSocioeconomic status (SES) is a major determinant of tobacco use but little is known whether SES affects nicotine exposure and the degree of nicotine dependence.MethodsThe Pennsylvania Adult Smoking Study is a cross-sectional study of smoke exposure and nicotine dependence among adults conducted in central Pennsylvania between June 2012 and April 2014. The study included several measures of SES, including assessments of education and household income, as well as occupation, home ownership, health insurance, household density and savings accounts. Measurements included saliva for the nicotine metabolites cotinine (COT), 3-'hydroxycotinine (3HC) and total metabolites (COT +3HC). Puffing behavior was determined using portable smoking topography devices.ResultsThe income levels of lighter smokers (< 20 cigarettes per day) was $10,000 more than heavier smokers. Higher Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scores were associated with lower income and job status, scores ranged from 5.4 in unemployed, 4.4 in blue-collar, and 3.8 in white-collar workers. In principal components analysis used to derive SES indicators, household income, number in household, and type of dwelling were the major SES correlates of the primary component. Job category was the major correlate of the second component. Lower SES predicted significantly higher adjusted total nicotine metabolite levels in the unemployed group. Job category was significantly associated with total daily puffs, with the highest level in the unemployed, followed by blue-collar workers, after adjustment for income.ConclusionsAmong smokers, there was a relationship between lower SES and increased nicotine dependence, cigarettes per day and nicotine exposure, which varied by job type.
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