Pregnancy Prevalence and Outcomes in U.S. Jails.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT: Objective
To describe the number of admissions of pregnant people to U.S. jails and the outcomes of pregnancies that end in custody.Methods
We prospectively collected pregnancy data from six U.S. jails, including the five largest jails, on a monthly basis for 12 months. Jails reported de-identified, aggregate numbers of pregnant people admitted, births, preterm births, cesarean deliveries, miscarriages, induced abortions, ectopic pregnancies, and maternal and newborn deaths.Results
There were 1,622 admissions of pregnant people in 12 months in the selected jails. The highest 1-day count of pregnant people at a single jail was 65. The majority of these admissions involved the release of a pregnant person. Of the 224 pregnancies that ended in jail, 144 (64%) were live births, 41 (18%) were miscarriages, 33 (15%) were induced abortions, and four were ectopic (1.8%). One third of the births were cesarean deliveries and 8% were preterm. There were two stillbirths, one newborn death, and no maternal deaths.Conclusion
About 3% of admissions of females to U.S. jails are of pregnant people; extrapolating study results to national female jail admission rates suggests nearly 55,000 pregnancy admissions in 1 year. It is feasible to track pregnancy statistics about this overlooked group.
SUBMITTER: Sufrin C
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7183903 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Similar Datasets
Project description:While infectious diseases (ID) are a well-documented public health issue in carceral settings, research on ID screening and treatment in jails is lacking. A survey was sent to 1,126 jails in the United States to identify the prevalence of health screenings at intake and characteristics of care for ID; 371 surveys were completed correctly and analyzed. Despite conflicting Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidance, only seven percent of surveyed jails test individuals for HIV at admission. In 46% of jails, non-healthcare personnel perform ID screenings. Jails in less urban areas were more likely to report healthcare screenings performed by correctional officers. Survey findings indicate that HIV, HCV and TB testing during jail admissions and access to PrEP are severely lacking in less urban jails in particular. Recommendations are provided to improve ID surveillance and address the burden of ID in correctional facilities.
| S-EPMC9409583 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesThe number of incarcerated women in the United States has risen exponentially. Many are of childbearing age with 3-4% being pregnant at intake. Despite the need for comprehensive pregnancy-related health care in prisons and jails, there is no oversight that requires adherence to the established standards. The objective of this study was to assess prison and jail pregnancy policies and practices with an emphasis on restraint use and compliance with anti-shackling legislation.MethodsWe conducted a survey of 22 state prisons and six jails, including the five largest jails, from 2016-2017 regarding pregnancy policies and practices including restraint use, prenatal care, delivery and birth, and other pregnancy accommodations. We compared reported restraint policies to state legislation at the time of the survey.ResultsData indicate that pregnancy policies and services in prisons and jails vary and compliance inconsistencies with anti-shackling legislation exist. A third of the prisons and half of the jails did not have accredited health care services. All study facilities provided prenatal vitamins and most provided supplemental snacks. Most facilities stationed an officer inside the hospital room during labor and delivery, but nearly one-third of facilities did not require a female-identifying officer.Conclusions for practiceLimited oversight and standardization of carceral health care and accommodations for pregnant people lead to variability in prisons and jails. Prisons and jails should adopt and implement standards of care guidelines to ensure the safety and well-being of pregnant people who have unique healthcare needs. Incarcerated pregnant people should be viewed as expectant parents in need of comprehensive health care, rather than as criminals who forfeited their right to a safe, respectful, and humane childbirth.
| S-EPMC9660187 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionDespite progress in limiting exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in the United States, little is known about the impact of smoke-free polices in prisons and jails. SHS exposure in this setting may be great, as smoking prevalence among inmates is more than three times higher than among non-incarcerated adults. To inform the implementation of smoke-free policies, this article reviews the literature on the extent, nature, and impact of smoke-free policies in U.S. prisons and jails.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, Embase, EconLit, and Social Services Abstracts databases. We examined studies published prior to January 2014 that described policies prohibiting smoking tobacco in adult U.S. correctional facilities.ResultsTwenty-seven studies met inclusion criteria. Smoke-free policies in prisons were rare in the 1980s but, by 2007, 87% prohibited smoking indoors. Policies reduced SHS exposure and a small body of evidence suggests they are associated with health benefits. We did not identify any studies documenting economic outcomes. Non-compliance with policies was documented in a small number of prisons and jails, with 20%-76% of inmates reporting smoking in violation of a policy. Despite barriers, policies were implemented successfully when access to contraband tobacco was limited and penalties were enforced.ConclusionSmoke-free policies have become increasingly common in prisons and jails, but evidence suggests they are not consistently implemented. Future studies should examine the health and economic outcomes of smoke-free policies in prisons and jails. By implementing smoke-free policies, prisons and jails have an opportunity to improve the health of staff and inmates.
| S-EPMC4634865 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundExperimental evidence indicates that certain drugs, that are secondary or tertiary amines or amides, form N-nitroso compounds in the presence of nitrite in an acidic environment. Nitrosatable drugs have been associated with birth defects in a few epidemiologic studies. This study describes the prevalence and patterns of nitrosatable drug use among U.S. women during early pregnancy and examines maternal factors associated with such use.MethodsData were analyzed from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study and included 6807 mothers who gave birth to babies without major congenital malformations during 1997 to 2005. Information was collected by telephone interview about medication use, demographic factors, and maternal health. Drugs taken during the first trimester were classified according to nitrosatability, amine and amide functional groups, and primary indication of use.ResultsApproximately 24% of the women took one or more nitrosatable drugs during the first trimester, including 12.4%, 12.2%, and 7.6% who respectively took secondary amines, tertiary amines, or amides. Five of the ten most commonly taken drugs were available over the counter. Women who were non-Hispanic white (29.5%), with 1 year or more college education (27.3%) or 40 years or older (28.8%) had the highest prevalence of use. Supplemental vitamin C, an inhibitor of nitrosation, was not taken by 41.6% and 19.3% of nitrosatable drug users during the first and second months of pregnancy, respectively.ConclusionsIn this U.S. population, ingestion of drugs classified as nitrosatable was common during the first trimester of pregnancy, especially among non-Hispanic white, more educated, and older mothers.
| S-EPMC3107676 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Chromosomal disorders, of which Down syndrome is the most common, can cause multi-domain disability. In addition, compared to the general population, there is a higher frequency of death before the age of five. In many settings, large gaps in data availability have hampered policy-making, programme priorities and resource allocation for these important conditions. We have developed methods, which overcome this lack of data and allow estimation of the burden of affected pregnancies and their outcomes in different settings worldwide. For example, the methods include a simple equation relating the percentage of mothers 35 and over to Down syndrome birth prevalence. The results obtained provide a starting point for consideration of services that can be implemented for the care and prevention of these disorders.
| S-EPMC6167258 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To compare pregnancy rates and complications in women with and without a history of optic neuritis (ON). A nationwide, population-based, retrospective study using data from the Korean National Health Claims from January 2011, to December 2017 was done. ON cohort (ON group) consisting of women aged 18 to 50 with a history of ON and 1:3 age-matched controls (control group) were compared for pregnancy and delivery rates using logistic regression after adjusting for possible confounders. Pregnancy-ON cohort (pregnancy-ON group), women aged 18 to 55 with a history of ON and pregnancy, and 1:3 age at pregnancy matched controls (pregnancy-control group) were analyzed for pregnancy complications using logistic regression after adjusting for covariates. ON group (n = 2516) showed decreased odds ratio (OR) for pregnancy [Adjusted OR2: 0.716, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.626-0.820] and delivery (adjusted OR2: 0.647, 95% CI: 0.554-0.756) compared to controls (n = 7548). Pregnancy-ON group (n = 550) showed increased risk of delayed fetal growth (adjusted OR2: 9.867, 95% CI: 1.224-79.564), pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR2: 8.327, 95% CI: 2.911-23.819), preterm delivery (adjusted OR2: 3.914, 95% CI: 2.667-5.742), pregnancy and postpartum infection (adjusted OR1: 1.671, 95% CI: 1.296-2.154), diabetes in pregnancy (adjusted OR2: 1.365, 95% CI: 1.062-1.754) compared to pregnancy-control group (n = 1650). Our population-based cohort study suggests that history of ON is associated with decreased pregnancy and delivery rates. It may be a risk factor for various pregnancy complications.
| S-EPMC10374557 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Congenital anomaly registries have two main surveillance aims: firstly to define baseline epidemiology of important congenital anomalies to facilitate programme, policy and resource planning, and secondly to identify clusters of cases and any other epidemiological changes that could give early warning of environmental or infectious hazards. However, setting up a sustainable registry and surveillance system is resource-intensive requiring national infrastructure for recording all cases and diagnostic facilities to identify those malformations that that are not externally visible. Consequently, not all countries have yet established robust surveillance systems. For these countries, methods are needed to generate estimates of prevalence of these disorders which can act as a starting point for assessing disease burden and service implications. Here, we describe how registry data from high-income settings can be used for generating reference rates that can be used as provisional estimates for countries with little or no observational data on non-syndromic congenital malformations.
| S-EPMC6167261 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Pregnancy loss is often caused by chromosomal abnormalities of the conceptus. The prevalence of these abnormalities and the allocation of (ab)normal cells in embryonic and placental lineages during intrauterine development remain elusive. We analyzed 1,745 spontaneous pregnancy losses and found that roughly half (50.4%) of the products of conception (POC) were karyotypically abnormal, with maternal and paternal age independently contributing to the increased genomic aberration rate in pregnancy loss. We applied genome haplarithmisis to a subset of 94 pregnancy losses with normal parental and POC karyotypes. Genotyping of parental DNA as well as POC extraembryonic mesoderm and chorionic villi DNA, representing embryonic and trophoblastic tissues, enabled characterization of the genomic landscape of both lineages. Of these pregnancy losses, 35.1% had chromosomal aberrations not previously detected by karyotyping, increasing the rate of aberrations of pregnancy losses to 67.8% by extrapolation. In contrast to viable pregnancies where mosaic chromosomal abnormalities are often restricted to chorionic villi, such as confined placental mosaicism, we found a higher degree of mosaic chromosomal imbalances in extraembryonic mesoderm rather than chorionic villi in pregnancy losses. Our results stress the importance of scrutinizing the full allelic architecture of genomic abnormalities in pregnancy loss to improve clinical management and basic research of this devastating condition.
2023-10-05 | GSE228151 | GEO
Project description:Extensive genome analysis of pregnancy loss products by genome haplarithmisis. Pregnancy loss (PL) is the primary pregnancy complication, mostly caused by chromosomal abnormalities of the conceptus. However, the nature and prevalence of these abnormalities and the allocation of (ab)normal cells in embryonic and placental compartments during intrauterine development remains elusive. We analyzed 1,745 spontaneous PLs and found that ~50% were karyotypically normal. We applied genome haplarithmisis to 91 PL families with normal karyotypes, following whole-genome genotypes of the parents as well as of the extraembryonic mesoderm (EM) and chorionic villi (CV), representing embryonic and placental cells, of the product of conception (POC), which allowed characterizing genomic landscape of both lineages. 36.4% of these PLs have chromosomal aberrations not previously detected by karyotyping. In contrast to viable pregnancies where mosaic chromosomal abnormalities are often restricted to the CV, we find that in spontaneous abortions, the situation is reversed with a higher degree of mosaic chromosomal imbalances in EM rather than CV.
2023-10-05 | GSE228150 | GEO
Project description:Extensive genome analysis of pregnancy loss products by genome haplarithmisis. Pregnancy loss (PL) is the primary pregnancy complication, mostly caused by chromosomal abnormalities of the conceptus. However, the nature and prevalence of these abnormalities and the allocation of (ab)normal cells in embryonic and placental compartments during intrauterine development remains elusive. We analyzed 1,745 spontaneous PLs and found that ~50% were karyotypically normal. We applied genome haplarithmisis to 91 PL families with normal karyotypes, following whole-genome genotypes of the parents as well as of the extraembryonic mesoderm (EM) and chorionic villi (CV), representing embryonic and placental cells, of the product of conception (POC), which allowed characterizing genomic landscape of both lineages. 36.4% of these PLs have chromosomal aberrations not previously detected by karyotyping. In contrast to viable pregnancies where mosaic chromosomal abnormalities are often restricted to the CV, we find that in spontaneous abortions, the situation is reversed with a higher degree of mosaic chromosomal imbalances in EM rather than CV.
2023-10-05 | GSE228149 | GEO