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Chemical Characterization and Biological Activity of the Mastic Gum Essential Oils of Pistacia lentiscus Var. Chia from Turkey.

ABSTRACT: The essential oils (EOs) were isolated by hydrodistillation from wild and cultivated Pistacia lentiscus L. var. chia-mastic gum tree (Anacardiaceae) from two natural habitats, namely from Cesme-Uzunkoy (1) and Mordogan (2), and one cultivated source, Cesme-Germiyan (3), in Izmir, Turkey. This comparative study evaluated the chemical composition and biological activity of mastic gum essential oils (MGEOs). For this purpose, MGEOs 1-3 were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and chiral GC for α-pinene. Laboratory assays were conducted to assess for potential in vitro cytotoxicity (multiple in vitro cancer cell lines), antimicrobial properties (five bacterial species and yeast), anti-inflammatory activity (inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS), and the attraction of Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly, medfly), respectively. Chemical analysis indicated that MGEOs 1 and 2 were rich in α-pinene (56.2% and 51.9%), myrcene (20.1% and 18.6%), and β-pinene (2.7% and 3.1%), respectively; whereas MGEO-3 was characterized by a high level of α-pinene (70.8%), followed by β-pinene (5.7%) and myrcene (2.5%). Chiral GC analyses showed that concentration ratios between (-)/(+)-α-pinene and (-)-α-pinene/myrcene allowed for differentiation between wild and cultivated MGEO sources. In biological assays, MGEOs 1-3 did not exhibit significant antimicrobial effects against the pathogens evaluated and were not strong attractants of male medflies; however, all three MGEOs displayed a dose-dependent inhibition of iNOS, and MGEOs 1 and 2 exhibited selective in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cells. These results suggest that wild-type mastic gum oils from Cesme and Mordogan (MGEOs 1 and 2) are potential sources of beneficial products and warrant further investigation.

SUBMITTER: Tabanca N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7248992 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Hypertension poses a significant global health burden and is closely associated with cardiovascular morbidity. Pistacia lentiscus var. chia, commonly known as mastic, has emerged as a potential nutraceutical, due to its diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant and vasodilatory effects. Yet, its impact on hypertension in translational in vivo models and on hypertension-associated abnormalities in circulation, vasculature and kidneys have not been investigated. Herein we sought to decipher the putative antihypertensive potential of mastic, focusing on vascular and renal endothelium in clinically relevant in vivo models of essential hypertension. Two translational in vivo models of hypertension induced by Angiotensin II and Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-High Salt in male rats, were utilized. Mastic administration at a therapeutic dose (220mg/kg, per os) was administered daily for four weeks, after the establishment of hypertension. Non-invasive blood pressure measurements and whole blood RNA sequencing and metabolomics were performed. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were conducted in kidney and aorta, to decipher its underlying antihypertensive mechanism. Mastic administration significantly reduced systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure in both in vivo hypertensive models. RNA sequencing revealed distinct gene expression profiles, with modulation of immune-related pathways in the Angiotensin II model and metabolic pathways in the DOCA-HS model. Additionally, RNA sequencing analysis revealed that mastic downregulated Rhob, Jun, Txnip and Egr1 mRNA expression in the circulation, paving towards a putative antioxidant and endothelial-targeted mechanism. Metabolomic analysis identified lysophosphatidylinositol upregulation as a consistent effect of mastic in both in vivo models, being implicated with improved endothelial homeostasis. RT-PCR analysis in the kidneys and aorta, showed that mastic increased endothelial markers such as Vegfa and Egr-1 mRNA expression in both experimental models. Concerning the endothelial homeostasis, mastic additionally increased renal nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation in both in vivo models of hypertension. This study highlights the potential of mastic as a natural adjuvant therapy for hypertension. The findings shed new light on its molecular mechanisms of action, providing insights into its protective impact on renal endothelium.

Project description:The rising risks of food microbial contamination and foodborne pathogens resistance have prompted an increasing interest in natural antimicrobials as promising alternatives to synthetic antimicrobials. Essential oils (EOs) obtained from natural sources have shown promising anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. EOs extracted from the resins of Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia are widely utilized for the treatment of skin inflammations, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory infections, wound healing, and cancers. The therapeutic benefits of P. lentiscusessential oils (PO) are limited by their low solubility, poor bioavailability, and high volatility. Nanoencapsulation of PO can improve their physicochemical properties and consequently their therapeutic efficacy while overcoming their undesirable side effects. Hence, PO was extracted from the resins of P. lentiscusvia hydrodistillation. Then, PO was encapsulated into (2-hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) via freeze-drying. The obtained inclusion complexes (PO-ICs) appeared as round vesicles (22.62 to 63.19 nm) forming several agglomerations (180 to 350 nm), as detected by UHR-TEM, with remarkable entrapment efficiency (89.59 ± 1.47%) and a PDI of 0.1475 ± 0.0005. Furthermore, the encapsulation and stability of PO-ICs were confirmed via FE-SEM, 1H NMR, 2D HNMR (NOESY), FT-IR, UHR-TEM, and DSC. DSC revealed a higher thermal stability of the PO-ICs, reaching 351.0 °C. PO-ICs exerted substantial antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli as compared to free PO. PO-ICs showed significant enhancement in the antibacterial activity of the encapsulated PO against S. aureus with an MIC90 of 2.84 mg/mL and against P. aeruginosa with MIC90 of 3.62 mg/mL and MIC50 of 0.56 mg/mL. In addition, PO-ICs showed greater antimicrobial activity against E. coli by 6-fold with an MIC90 of 0.89 mg/mL, compared to free PO, which showed an MIC90 of 5.38 mg/mL. In conclusion, the encapsulation of PO into HPβCD enhanced its aqueous solubility, stability, and penetration ability, resulting in a significantly higher antibacterial activity.

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Chemical Characterization and Biological Activity of the Mastic Gum Essential Oils of Pistacia lentiscus Var. Chia from Turkey.

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