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Long working hours and change in body weight: analysis of individual-participant data from 19 cohort studies.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE:To examine the relation between long working hours and change in body mass index (BMI). METHODS:We performed random effects meta-analyses using individual-participant data from 19 cohort studies from Europe, US and Australia (n?=?122,078), with a mean of 4.4-year follow-up. Working hours were measured at baseline and categorised as part time (<35?h/week), standard weekly hours (35-40?h, reference), 41-48?h, 49-54?h and ?55?h/week (long working hours). There were four outcomes at follow-up: (1) overweight/obesity (BMI???25?kg/m2) or (2) overweight (BMI 25-29.9?kg/m2) among participants without overweight/obesity at baseline; (3) obesity (BMI???30?kg/m2) among participants with overweight at baseline, and (4) weight loss among participants with obesity at baseline. RESULTS:Of the 61,143 participants without overweight/obesity at baseline, 20.2% had overweight/obesity at follow-up. Compared with standard weekly working hours, the age-, sex- and socioeconomic status-adjusted relative risk (RR) of overweight/obesity was 0.95 (95% CI 0.90-1.00) for part-time work, 1.07 (1.02-1.12) for 41-48 weekly working hours, 1.09 (1.03-1.16) for 49-54?h and 1.17 (1.08-1.27) for long working hours (P for trend <0.0001). The findings were similar after multivariable adjustment and in subgroup analyses. Long working hours were associated with an excess risk of shift from normal weight to overweight rather than from overweight to obesity. Long working hours were not associated with weight loss among participants with obesity. CONCLUSIONS:This analysis of large individual-participant data suggests a small excess risk of overweight among the healthy-weight people who work long hours.

SUBMITTER: Virtanen M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7260128 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Long working hours and change in body weight: analysis of individual-participant data from 19 cohort studies.

Virtanen Marianna M Jokela Markus M Lallukka Tea T Magnusson Hanson Linda L Pentti Jaana J Nyberg Solja T ST Alfredsson Lars L Batty G David GD Casini Annalisa A Clays Els E DeBacquer Dirk D Ervasti Jenni J Fransson Eleonor E Halonen Jaana I JI Head Jenny J Kittel France F Knutsson Anders A Leineweber Constanze C Nordin Maria M Oksanen Tuula T Pietiläinen Olli O Rahkonen Ossi O Salo Paula P Singh-Manoux Archana A Stenholm Sari S Suominen Sakari B SB Theorell Töres T Vahtera Jussi J Westerholm Peter P Westerlund Hugo H Kivimäki Mika M

International journal of obesity (2005) 20191125 6

<h4>Objective</h4>To examine the relation between long working hours and change in body mass index (BMI).<h4>Methods</h4>We performed random effects meta-analyses using individual-participant data from 19 cohort studies from Europe, US and Australia (n = 122,078), with a mean of 4.4-year follow-up. Working hours were measured at baseline and categorised as part time (<35 h/week), standard weekly hours (35-40 h, reference), 41-48 h, 49-54 h and ≥55 h/week (long working hours). There were four out ...[more]

PMID: 31767974

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Project description:ObjectiveTo quantify the association between long working hours and alcohol use.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data.Data sourcesA systematic search of PubMed and Embase databases in April 2014 for published studies, supplemented with manual searches. Unpublished individual participant data were obtained from 27 additional studies.Review methodsThe search strategy was designed to retrieve cross sectional and prospective studies of the association between long working hours and alcohol use. Summary estimates were obtained with random effects meta-analysis. Sources of heterogeneity were examined with meta-regression.ResultsCross sectional analysis was based on 61 studies representing 333,693 participants from 14 countries. Prospective analysis was based on 20 studies representing 100,602 participants from nine countries. The pooled maximum adjusted odds ratio for the association between long working hours and alcohol use was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.18) in the cross sectional analysis of published and unpublished data. Odds ratio of new onset risky alcohol use was 1.12 (1.04 to 1.20) in the analysis of prospective published and unpublished data. In the 18 studies with individual participant data it was possible to assess the European Union Working Time Directive, which recommends an upper limit of 48 hours a week. Odds ratios of new onset risky alcohol use for those working 49-54 hours and ≥ 55 hours a week were 1.13 (1.02 to 1.26; adjusted difference in incidence 0.8 percentage points) and 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25; adjusted difference in incidence 0.7 percentage points), respectively, compared with working standard 35-40 hours (incidence of new onset risky alcohol use 6.2%). There was no difference in these associations between men and women or by age or socioeconomic groups, geographical regions, sample type (population based v occupational cohort), prevalence of risky alcohol use in the cohort, or sample attrition rate.ConclusionsIndividuals whose working hours exceed standard recommendations are more likely to increase their alcohol use to levels that pose a health risk.

Project description:AimsTo investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between personality and smoking, and test whether socio-demographic factors modify these associations.DesignCross-sectional and longitudinal individual-participant meta-analysis.SettingNine cohort studies from Australia, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States.ParticipantsA total of 79 757 men and women (mean age = 50.8 years).MeasurementsPersonality traits of the five-factor model (extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience) were used as exposures. Outcomes were current smoking status (current smoker, ex-smoker and never smoker), smoking initiation, smoking relapse and smoking cessation. Associations between personality and smoking were modelled using logistic and multinomial logistic regression, and study-specific findings were combined using random-effect meta-analysis.FindingsCurrent smoking was associated with higher extraversion [odds ratio per 1 standard deviation increase in the score: 1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08-1.24], higher neuroticism (1.19; 95% CI = 1.13-1.26) and lower conscientiousness (95% CI = 0.88; 0.83-0.94). Among non-smokers, smoking initiation during the follow-up period was predicted prospectively by higher extraversion (1.22; 95% CI = 1.04-1.43) and lower conscientiousness (0.80; 95% CI = 0.68-0.93), whereas higher neuroticism (1.16; 95% CI = 1.04-1.30) predicted smoking relapse among ex-smokers. Among smokers, smoking cessation was negatively associated with neuroticism (0.91; 95% CI = 0.87-0.96). Socio-demographic variables did not appear to modify the associations between personality and smoking.ConclusionsAdult smokers have higher extraversion, higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness personality scores than non-smokers. Initiation into smoking is associated positively with higher extraversion and lower conscientiousness, while relapse to smoking among ex-smokers is associated with higher neuroticism.

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Long working hours and change in body weight: analysis of individual-participant data from 19 cohort studies.

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Long working hours and change in body weight: analysis of individual-participant data from 19 cohort studies.

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