Redirecting extracellular proteases to molecularly guide radiosensitizing drugs to tumors.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Hingorani DV
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7285923 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Drug repurposing is a feasible strategy in developing novel medications. Regarding the cancer field, scientists are continuously making efforts to redirect conventional drugs into cancer treatment. This approach aims at exploring new applications in the existing agents. Antiparasitic medications, including artemisinin derivatives (ARTs), quinine-related compounds, niclosamide, ivermectin, albendazole derivatives, nitazoxanide and pyrimethamine, have been deeply investigated and widely applied in treating various parasitic diseases for a long time. Generally, their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties are well understood, while the side effects are roughly acceptable. Scientists noticed that some of these agents have anticancer potentials and explored the underlying mechanisms to achieve drug repurposing. Recent studies show that these agents inhibit cancer progression via multiple interesting ways, inducing ferroptosis induction, autophagy regulation, mitochondrial disturbance, immunoregulation, and metabolic disruption. In this review, we summarize the recent advancement in uncovering antiparasitic drugs' anticancer properties from the perspective of their pharmacological targets. Instead of paying attention to the previously discovered mechanisms, we focus more on newly emerging ones that are worth noticing. While most investigations are focusing on the mechanisms of their antiparasitic effect, more in vivo exploration in clinical trials in the future is necessary. Moreover, we also paid attention to what limits the clinical application of these agents. For some of these agents like ARTs and niclosamide, drug modification, novel delivery system invention, or drug combination are strongly recommended for future exploration.
| S-EPMC8235938 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundIn many cancers, specific subtypes are more prevalent in specific racial backgrounds. However, little is known about the racial distribution of specific molecular types of brain tumors. Public data repositories lack data on many brain tumor subtypes as well as diagnostic annotation using the current World Health Organization classification. A better understanding of the prevalence of brain tumors in different racial backgrounds may provide insight into tumor predisposition and development, and improve prevention.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the racial distribution of 1709 primary brain tumors classified by their methylation profiles using clinically validated whole genome DNA methylation. Self-reported race was obtained from medical records. Our cohort included 82% White, 10% Black, and 8% Asian patients with 74% of patients reporting their race.ResultsThere was a significant difference in the racial distribution of specific types of brain tumors. Blacks were overrepresented in pituitary adenomas (35%, P < .001), with the largest proportion of FSH/LH subtype. Whites were underrepresented at 47% of all pituitary adenoma patients (P < .001). Glioblastoma (GBM) IDH wild-type showed an enrichment of Whites, at 90% (P < .001), and a significantly smaller percentage of Blacks, at 3% (P < .001).ConclusionsMolecularly classified brain tumor groups and subgroups show different distributions among the three main racial backgrounds suggesting the contribution of race to brain tumor development.
| S-EPMC11362849 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Misregulation of MYC genes, causing MYC overexpression or protein stabilization, is frequently found in malignant brain tumors highlighting their important roles as oncogenes. Brain tumors in children are the most lethal of all pediatric malignancies and the most common malignant primary adult brain tumor, glioblastoma, is still practically incurable. MYCN is one of three MYC family members and is crucial for normal brain development. It is associated with poor prognosis in many malignant pediatric brain tumor types and is focally amplified in specific adult brain tumors. Targeting MYCN has proved to be challenging due to its undruggable nature as a transcription factor and for its importance in regulating developmental programs also in healthy cells. In this review, we will discuss efforts made to circumvent the difficulty of targeting MYCN specifically by using direct or indirect measures to treat MYCN-driven brain tumors. We will further consider the mechanism of action of these measures and suggest which molecularly defined brain tumor patients that might benefit from MYCN-directed precision therapies.
| S-EPMC7877538 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Molecular imaging continues to influence every aspect of cancer care including detection, diagnosis, staging and therapy response assessment. Recent advances in the understanding of cancer biology have prompted the introduction of new targeted therapy approaches. Precision medicine in oncology has led to rapid advances and novel approaches optimizing the use of imaging modalities in cancer care, research and development. This article focuses on the concept of targeted therapy in cancer and the challenges that exist for molecular imaging in cancer care.
| S-EPMC5541087 | biostudies-other
Project description:Streptococcus pneumoniae has evolved versatile strategies to colonize the nasopharynx of humans. Colonization is facilitated by direct interactions with host cell receptors or via binding to components of the extracellular matrix. In addition, pneumococci hijack host-derived extracellular proteases such as the serine protease plasmin(ogen) for ECM and mucus degradation as well as colonization. S. pneumoniae expresses strain-dependent up to four serine proteases. In this study, we assessed the role of secreted or cell-bound serine proteases HtrA, PrtA, SFP, and CbpG, in adherence assays and in a mouse colonization model. We hypothesized that the redundancy of serine proteases compensates for the deficiency of a single enzyme. Therefore, double and triple mutants were generated in serotype 19F strain EF3030 and serotype 4 strain TIGR4. Strain EF3030 produces only three serine proteases and lacks the SFP encoding gene. In adherence studies using Detroit-562 epithelial cells, we demonstrated that both TIGR4Δcps and 19F mutants without serine proteases or expressing only CbpG, HtrA, or PrtA have a reduced ability to adhere to Detroit-562 cells. Consistent with these results, we show that the mutants of strain 19F, which preferentially colonizes mice, abrogate nasopharyngeal colonization in CD-1 mice after intranasal infection. The bacterial load in the nasopharynx was monitored for 14 days. Importantly, mutants showed significantly lower bacterial numbers in the nasopharynx two days after infection. Similarly, we detected a significantly reduced pneumococcal colonization on days 3, 7, and 14 post-inoculations. To assess the impact of pneumococcal serine proteases on acute infection, we infected mice intranasally with bioluminescent and invasive TIGR4 or isogenic triple mutants expressing only CbpG, HtrA, PrtA, or SFP. We imaged the acute lung infection in real-time and determined the survival of the mice. The TIGR4lux mutant expressing only PrtA showed a significant attenuation and was less virulent in the acute pneumonia model. In conclusion, our results showed that pneumococcal serine proteases contributed significantly to pneumococcal colonization but played only a minor role in pneumonia and invasive diseases. Because colonization is a prerequisite for invasive diseases and transmission, these enzymes could be promising candidates for the development of antimicrobials to reduce pneumococcal transmission.
| S-EPMC7917122 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Penile cancer (PeCa) is a common disease in poor and developing countries, showing high morbidity rates. Despite the recent progress in understanding the molecular events involved in PeCa, the lack of well-characterized in vitro models precludes new advances in anticancer drug development. Here we describe the establishment of five human primary penile cancer-derived cell cultures, including two epithelial and three cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) cells. Using high-throughput genomic approaches, we found that the epithelial PeCa derived- cells recapitulate the molecular alterations of their primary tumors and present the same deregulated signaling pathways. The differentially expressed genes and proteins identified are components of key oncogenic pathways, including EGFR and PI3K/AKT/mTOR. We showed that epithelial PeCa derived cells presented a good response to cisplatin, a common therapeutic approach used in PeCa patients. The growth of a PeCa-derived cell overexpressing EGFR was inhibited by EGFR inhibitors (cetuximab, gefitinib, and erlotinib). We also identified CAF signature markers in three PeCa-derived cells with fibroblast-like morphology, indicating that those cells are suitable models for PeCa microenvironment studies. We thus demonstrate the utility of PeCa cell models to dissect mechanisms that promote penile carcinogenesis, which are useful models to evaluate therapeutic approaches for the disease.
| S-EPMC8067406 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The combined effects of ionizing radiation (IR) with high-z metallic nanoparticles (NPs) such as gold has developed a growing interest over the recent years. It is currently accepted that radiosensitization is not only attributed to physical effects but also to underlying chemical and biological mechanisms' contributions. Low- and high-linear energy transfer (LET) IRs produce DNA damage of different structural types. The combination of IR with gold nanoparticles may increase the clustering of energy deposition events in the vicinity of the NPs due to the production mainly of photoelectrons and Auger electrons. Biological lesions of such origin for example on DNA are more difficult to be repaired compared to isolated lesions and can augment IR's detrimental effects as shown by numerous studies. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) offers a unique opportunity to study the complexity of these effects on a very detailed cellular level, in terms of structure, including nanoparticle uptake and damage. Cellular uptake and nanoparticle distribution inside the cell are crucial in order to contribute to an optimal dose enhancement effect. TEM is mostly used to observe the cellular localization of nanoparticles. However, it can also provide valuable insights on the NPs' radiosensitization pathways, by studying the biochemical mechanisms through immunogold-labelling of antigenic sites at ultrastructural level under high resolution and magnification. Here, our goal is to describe the possibilities, methodologies and proper use of TEM in the interest of studying NPs-based radiosensitization mechanisms.
| S-EPMC8065702 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Avoidance of therapy-induced apoptosis is a hallmark of acquired resistance towards radiotherapy. Thus, breaking resistance still challenges modern cancer therapy. The Bcl-2 protein family is known for its regulatory role in apoptosis signaling, making Bcl-2, Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL promising targets. This study evaluates the effects of highly specific inhibitors for Bcl-xL (WEHI-539), Bcl-2 (ABT-199) and Mcl-1 (S63845) as radiosensitizers. Covering a broad spectrum of solid tumors, Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) and synovial sarcoma cell lines were exposed to fractionated radiation as standard therapy with or without Bcl-2 protein inhibition. Protein expression was detected by Western blot and cell death was assessed by flow cytometry measuring apoptosis. In contrast to NSCLC, a high level of Bcl-xL and its upregulation during radiotherapy indicated radioresistance in HNSCC and synovial sarcoma. Radioresistant cell lines across all entities benefited synergistically from combined therapy with Bcl-xL inhibition and fractionated radiation. In NSCLC cell lines, Mcl-1 inhibition significantly augmented radiotherapy independent of the expression level. Our data suggest that among antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, targeting Bcl-xL may break resistance to radiation in HNSCC, synovial sarcoma and NSCLC in vitro. In NSCLC, Mcl-1 might be a promising target that needs further investigation.
| S-EPMC9319836 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Bacteria associated with the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a pathogen of trees and the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD) may play a role in the disease. In order to evaluate their role (positive or negative to the tree), strains isolated from the track of nematodes from infected Pinus pinaster trees were screened, in vitro, for their nematicidal potential. The bacterial products, from strains more active in killing nematodes, were screened in order to identify and characterize the nematicidal agent. Forty-seven strains were tested and, of these, 21 strains showed capacity to produce extracellular products with nematicidal activity. All Burkholderia strains were non-toxic. In contrast, all Serratia strains except one exhibited high toxicity. Nematodes incubated with Serratia strains showed, by SEM observation, deposits of bacteria on the nematode cuticle. The most nematicidal strain, Serratia sp. A88copa13, produced proteases in the supernatant. The use of selective inhibitors revealed that a serine protease with 70 kDa was majorly responsible for the toxicity of the supernatant. This extracellular serine protease is different phylogenetically, in size and biochemically from previously described proteases. Nematicidal assays revealed differences in nematicidal activity of the proteases to different species of Bursaphelenchus, suggesting its usefulness in a primary screen of the nematodes. This study offers the basis for further investigation of PWD and brings new insights on the role bacteria play in the defense of pine trees against B. xylophilus. Understanding all the factors involved is important in order to develop strategies to control B. xylophilus dispersion.
| S-EPMC3820709 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Bacillus anthracis Sterne cured of the pXO1 plasmid had enhanced secreted protease activity during the postexponential phase but no change in hemolytic or lecithinase activities. A zymogen profile revealed at least six proteases, including serine, metal, and perhaps cysteine types. There were similar amounts of protease secreted by the closely related species Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis, but the patterns differed. Among the pXO1 plasmid-encoded proteins, there is a tetratricopeptide protein designated Cot43 that is related to the Rap proteins of Bacillus subtilis and the PlcR pleiotropic regulator of secreted enzymes and toxins in B. thuringiensis. A disruption of the cot43 gene resulted in overproduction of several proteases to a somewhat greater extent than in the plasmid-cured strain. Transformation of either of these strains with a clone of the cot43 gene resulted in the inhibition of accumulation of some of the proteases and induction of at least one. On the basis of lacZ fusions, transcription of the cot43 gene increased in late exponential cells at the time of protease accumulation. The expression of lacZ fusions to the upstream regions of two B. anthracis extracellular protease genes was greater in the strain with the disruption of cot43 than in the Sterne strain, indicating regulation at the level of transcription. In B. anthracis, a pXO1 plasmid-encoded protein directly modulates or indirectly regulates the transcription of genes for several chromosomally encoded extracellular proteases.
| S-EPMC1082805 | biostudies-literature