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Plant-Derived Antioxidants Protect the Nervous System From Aging by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress.

ABSTRACT: Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a major disease contributing to human death and is thought to be closely related to the aging process. The rich antioxidant substances in plants have been shown to play a role in delaying aging, and in recent years, significant research has focused on also examining their potential role in AD onset and progression. Many plant-derived antioxidant research studies have provided insights for the future treatment and prevention of AD. This article reviews various types of plant-derived antioxidants with anti-aging effects on neurons. Also it distinguishes the different types of active substances that exhibit different degrees of protection for the nervous system and summarizes the mechanism thereof. Plant-derived antioxidants with neuroprotective functions can protect various components of the nervous system in a variety of ways and can have a positive impact on interventions to prevent and alleviate AD. Furthermore, when considering neuroprotective agents, glial cells also contribute to the defense of the nervous system and should not be ignored.

SUBMITTER: Cui X

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7372124 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Plant-Derived Antioxidants Protect the Nervous System From Aging by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress.

Cui Xiaoji X Lin Qinlu Q Liang Ying Y

Frontiers in aging neuroscience 20200714

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a major disease contributing to human death and is thought to be closely related to the aging process. The rich antioxidant substances in plants have been shown to play a role in delaying aging, and in recent years, significant research has focused on also examining their potential role in AD onset and progression. Many plant-derived antioxidant research studies have provided insights for the future treatment and prevention of AD. This article reviews various ...[more]

PMID: 32760268

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Project description:Oxidative stress is induced by a wide range of environmental factors including UV stress, pathogen invasion (hypersensitive reaction), herbicide action and oxygen shortage. Oxygen deprivation stress in plant cells is distinguished by three physiologically different states: transient hypoxia, anoxia and reoxygenation. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is characteristic for hypoxia and especially for reoxygenation. Of the ROS, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and superoxide (O(2)(.-)) are both produced in a number of cellular reactions, including the iron-catalysed Fenton reaction, and by various enzymes such as lipoxygenases, peroxidases, NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase. The main cellular components susceptible to damage by free radicals are lipids (peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in membranes), proteins (denaturation), carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Consequences of hypoxia-induced oxidative stress depend on tissue and/or species (i.e. their tolerance to anoxia), on membrane properties, on endogenous antioxidant content and on the ability to induce the response in the antioxidant system. Effective utilization of energy resources (starch, sugars) and the switch to anaerobic metabolism and the preservation of the redox status of the cell are vital for survival. The formation of ROS is prevented by an antioxidant system: low molecular mass antioxidants (ascorbic acid, glutathione, tocopherols), enzymes regenerating the reduced forms of antioxidants, and ROS-interacting enzymes such as SOD, peroxidases and catalases. In plant tissues many phenolic compounds (in addition to tocopherols) are potential antioxidants: flavonoids, tannins and lignin precursors may work as ROS-scavenging compounds. Antioxidants act as a cooperative network, employing a series of redox reactions. Interactions between ascorbic acid and glutathione, and ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds are well known. Under oxygen deprivation stress some contradictory results on the antioxidant status have been obtained. Experiments on overexpression of antioxidant production do not always result in the enhancement of the antioxidative defence, and hence increased antioxidative capacity does not always correlate positively with the degree of protection. Here we present a consideration of factors which possibly affect the effectiveness of antioxidant protection under oxygen deprivation as well as under other environmental stresses. Such aspects as compartmentalization of ROS formation and antioxidant localization, synthesis and transport of antioxidants, the ability to induce the antioxidant defense and cooperation (and/or compensation) between different antioxidant systems are the determinants of the competence of the antioxidant system.

Project description:BackgroundAlthough well-documented, the causal relationships between diet-derived circulating antioxidants, oxidative stress, and osteoarthritis (OA) are equivocal. The objective of this study is to employ two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate possible causal relationships among dietary-derived circulating antioxidants, oxidative stress damage indicators, and OA risk.MethodsSingle-nucleotide polymorphisms for diet-derived circulating antioxidants (ascorbate, β-carotene, lycopene, retinol, and α-and γ-tocopherol), assessed as absolute levels and metabolites, as well as oxidative stress injury biomarkers (GSH, GPX, CAT, SOD, albumin, and total bilirubin), were retrieved from the published data and were used as genetic instrumental variables. Summary statistics for gene-OA associations were obtained from publicly available and two relatively large-scale GWAS meta-analyses to date. The inverse-variance weighting method was utilized as the primary MR analysis. Moreover, multivariable MR was used to determine if mediators (BMI and smoking) causally mediated any connection. Furthermore, for each exposure, MR analyses were conducted per outcome database and then meta-analyzed.ResultsGenetically predicted absolute retinol level was causally associated with hip OA risk [odds ratios (ORs) = 0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.24-0.68, FDR-corrected p = 0.042]. Moreover, genetically predicted albumin level was causally associated with total OA risk (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.75-0.86, FDR-corrected p = 2.20E-11), as well as the risk of hip OA (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.68-0.84, FDR-corrected p = 1.38E-06) and knee OA (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.76-0.89, FDR-corrected p = 4.49E-06). In addition, MVMR confirmed that the effect of albumin on hip OA is independent of smoking initiation, alcoholic drinks per week, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels but may be influenced by BMI.ConclusionEvidence from our study supports a potentially protective effect of high levels of retinol and albumin on OA risk.

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Plant-Derived Antioxidants Protect the Nervous System From Aging by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress.

Publications

Plant-Derived Antioxidants Protect the Nervous System From Aging by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress.

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