Prolonged Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Body Fluids.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Sun J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7392422 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundThe main strategy to contain the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic remains to implement a comprehensive testing, tracing and quarantining strategy until vaccination of the population is adequate. Scent dogs could support current testing strategies.MethodsTen dogs were trained for 8 days to detect SARS-CoV-2 infections in beta-propiolactone inactivated saliva samples. The subsequent cognitive transfer performance for the recognition of non-inactivated samples were tested on three different body fluids (saliva, urine, and sweat) in a randomised, double-blind controlled study.ResultsDogs were tested on a total of 5242 randomised sample presentations. Dogs detected non-inactivated saliva samples with a diagnostic sensitivity of 84% (95% CI: 62.5-94.44%) and specificity of 95% (95% CI: 93.4-96%). In a subsequent experiment to compare the scent recognition between the three non-inactivated body fluids, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 95% (95% CI: 66.67-100%) and 98% (95% CI: 94.87-100%) for urine, 91% (95% CI: 71.43-100%) and 94% (95% CI: 90.91-97.78%) for sweat, 82% (95% CI: 64.29-95.24%), and 96% (95% CI: 94.95-98.9%) for saliva respectively.ConclusionsThe scent cognitive transfer performance between inactivated and non-inactivated samples as well as between different sample materials indicates that global, specific SARS-CoV-2-associated volatile compounds are released across different body secretions, independently from the patient's symptoms. All tested body fluids appear to be similarly suited for reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals.
| S-EPMC8313882 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:To estimate the frequency and duration of detectable Zika virus (ZIKV) RNA in human body fluids, we prospectively assessed a cohort of newly infected participants in Puerto Rico. METHODS:We evaluated samples obtained from 150 participants (including 55 men) in whom ZIKV RNA was detected on reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay in urine or blood in an enhanced arboviral clinical surveillance site. We collected serum, urine, saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions weekly for the first month and then at 2, 4, and 6 months. All specimens were tested by means of RT-PCR, and serum was tested with the use of anti-ZIKV IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Among the participants with ZIKV RNA in any specimen at week 4, biweekly collection continued until all specimens tested negative. We used parametric Weibull regression models to estimate the time until the loss of ZIKV RNA detection in each body fluid and reported the findings in medians and 95th percentiles. RESULTS:The medians and 95th percentiles for the time until the loss of ZIKV RNA detection were 14 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 11 to 17) and 54 days (95% CI, 43 to 64), respectively, in serum; 8 days (95% CI, 6 to 10) and 39 days (95% CI, 31 to 47) in urine; and 34 days (95% CI, 28 to 41) and 81 days (95% CI, 64 to 98) in semen. Few participants had detectable ZIKV RNA in saliva or vaginal secretions. CONCLUSIONS:The prolonged time until ZIKV RNA clearance in serum in this study may have implications for the diagnosis and prevention of ZIKV infection. Current sexual-prevention guidelines recommend that men use condoms or abstain from sex for 6 months after ZIKV exposure; in 95% of the men in this study, ZIKV RNA was cleared from semen after about 3 months. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
| S-EPMC5831142 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundCharacterisation of the dynamics of Zika virus persistence following acute infection is needed to inform blood donor and diagnostic testing policies and understand the natural history of Zika virus infection. We aimed to characterise the natural history, persistence, and clinical outcomes of Zika virus infection through a prospective study in initially asymptomatic Zika virus RNA-positive blood donors.MethodsZika virus-infected blood donors identified through Zika virus nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) screening at three blood collection organisations in the USA were enrolled into a 1-year follow-up study, with blood and body fluid samples and detailed symptom data collected at up to seven visits. All samples were tested for Zika virus RNA by real-time PCR (rtPCR); follow-up plasma, whole blood, and urine were also tested by replicate NAAT. Plasma was tested for flavivirus-specific IgM and IgG by ELISA. Zika virus RNA persistence for each assay or sample type and plasma antibody persistence from estimated date of plasma NAAT-detectable infection were calculated from follow-up data using survival statistical methods.FindingsBetween July 6, 2016 and March 7, 2017, we enrolled 53 participants. From the estimated date of plasma NAAT-detectable infection, Zika virus RNA was detectable in plasma for 9·9 days (95% CI 8·1-12·0), in red blood cells for 95·4 days (62·8-129·1), and in whole blood for 73·5 days (39·8-107·5). Replicate NAATs (one or more of eight replicates positive) extended detection of Zika virus RNA in plasma to 34·8 days (19·9-56·2) and in whole blood (at least one of two tests positive) to 104·8 days (76·7-129·9). Urine was rtPCR reactive up to 14·5 days (10·5-20·3) and saliva up to 26·4 days (19·7-38·7). Zika virus IgM persisted for 237·7 days (128·7-459·5) from estimated time since plasma NAAT-detectable infection. Zika virus RNA fell below detectable limits more rapidly in the saliva of participants with pre-existing dengue virus IgG than in those without. Of 25 donors identified pre-seroconversion with symptom data at the first or second study visit, 16 (64%) developed multiple Zika virus-related symptoms after asymptomatic index donations, compared with nine (36%) of 25 donors detected after seroconversion.InterpretationDetermination of viral marker persistence is enhanced by follow-up of blood donors who are pre-symptomatic or asymptomatic, Zika virus RNA-positive, and antibody negative. Zika virus RNA persists in red blood cells for several months following clearance from plasma and body fluids, and replicate, highly sensitive NAATs extend RNA detection in all compartments. Whole blood testing can extend detection of acute infection for diagnostics and monitoring of pregnant women, sexual partners, and travellers.FundingNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority.
| S-EPMC10029720 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC7307054 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Duration of persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract of infected individuals has important clinical and epidemiological implications. AIM:We aimed to establish the duration and risk factors for persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract of asymptomatic infected individuals. METHODS:Data of repeat rRT-PCR (real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) test done for SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals at our institute at Jodhpur, India were analysed from 19 March to 21 May 2020. Duration of virus persistence was estimated with parametric regression models based on weibull, log-normal, log-logistic, gamma and generalized gamma distributions. Factors associated with prolonged viral persistence were analysed with the best-fitting model. RESULTS:Fifty-one SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals with repeat rRT-PCR test were identified with 44 asymptomatics. The asymptomatic individuals had median virus persistence duration of 8.87?days (95% CI: 7.65-10.27) and 95 percentile duration of 20.70?days (95% CI: 16.08-28.20). The overall median virus persistence including both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals was found to be 9.18?days (95% CI: 8.04-10.48). Around one-fourth asymptomatics (10/44) demonstrated SARS-CoV-2 persistence beyond 2?weeks. Age <60?years and local transmission were found to be significantly associated with longer virus persistence among asymptomatic individuals on univariate regression but not in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION:Recommended home isolation duration for SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals in India should be extended from 17?days to at least 3 weeks. Prolonged persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in a considerable proportion of asymptomatic individuals merits attention with regard to ensuring universal infection prevention precautions irrespective of symptomatic status.
| S-EPMC7337859 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC7158584 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The coronavirus (CoV) family consists of viruses that infects a variety of animals including humans with various levels of respiratory and fecal-oral transmission levels depending on the behavior of the viruses' natural hosts and optimal viral fitness. A model to classify and predict the levels of respective respiratory and fecal-oral transmission potentials of the various viruses was built before the outbreak of MERS-CoV using AI and empirically-based molecular tools to predict the disorder level of proteins. Using the percentages of intrinsic disorder (PID) of the nucleocapsid (N) and membrane (M) proteins of CoV, the model easily clustered the viruses into three groups with the SARS-CoV (M PID = 8%, N PID = 50%) falling into Category B, in which viruses have intermediate levels of both respiratory and fecal-oral transmission potentials. Later, MERS-CoV (M PID = 9%, N PID = 44%) was found to be in Category C, which consists of viruses with lower respiratory transmission potential but with higher fecal-oral transmission capabilities. Based on the peculiarities of disorder distribution, the SARS-CoV-2 (M PID = 6%, N PID = 48%) has to be placed in Category B. Our data show however, that the SARS-CoV-2 is very strange with one of the hardest protective outer shell, (M PID = 6%) among coronaviruses. This means that it might be expected to be highly resilient in saliva or other body fluids and outside the body. An infected body is likelier to shed greater numbers of viral particles since the latter is more resistant to antimicrobial enzymes in body fluids. These particles are also likelier to remain active longer. These factors could account for the greater contagiousness of the SARS-CoV-2 and have implications for efforts to prevent its spread.
| S-EPMC7118597 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known to cause multi-organ dysfunction1-3 during acute infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with some patients experiencing prolonged symptoms, termed post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (refs. 4,5). However, the burden of infection outside the respiratory tract and time to viral clearance are not well characterized, particularly in the brain3,6-14. Here we carried out complete autopsies on 44 patients who died with COVID-19, with extensive sampling of the central nervous system in 11 of these patients, to map and quantify the distribution, replication and cell-type specificity of SARS-CoV-2 across the human body, including the brain, from acute infection to more than seven months following symptom onset. We show that SARS-CoV-2 is widely distributed, predominantly among patients who died with severe COVID-19, and that virus replication is present in multiple respiratory and non-respiratory tissues, including the brain, early in infection. Further, we detected persistent SARS-CoV-2 RNA in multiple anatomic sites, including throughout the brain, as late as 230 days following symptom onset in one case. Despite extensive distribution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA throughout the body, we observed little evidence of inflammation or direct viral cytopathology outside the respiratory tract. Our data indicate that in some patients SARS-CoV-2 can cause systemic infection and persist in the body for months.
| S-EPMC9749650 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC8189667 | biostudies-literature