Dataset Information

Flatfoot and associated factors among Ethiopian school children aged 11 to 15 years: A school-based study.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:The Foot health of a child plays a pivotal role in their participation in play, locomotive activities, healthy lifestyle, somatic development, and weight management. The burden of flatfoot among children in Ethiopia is not known. The objective of this study was to analyze the structure of the medial foot arch using Staheli plantar arch index and investigate its associated factors among larger sample school children, aged 11-15 years in Ethiopia. METHODS:A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 11-15 years from eleven randomly selected primary schools. The sample size was determined proportionally across school strength and governmental and private schools to ensure variety within the sample. Data collection consisted of physical measurements, footprint-based measures whilst full weight-bearing, and a structured questionnaire on foot pain, footwear type, and physical activity. Data were analyzed descriptively and through uni- and multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS:A total of 823 children participated. The overall prevalence of flatfoot was 17.6% with a significant difference between age, gender, type of school, BMI, and type of footwear. Being younger (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.6-6.7), male (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.4), experiencing foot pain (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.5), wearing closed shoe (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.6-11.9), overweight (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.2-8.7), obese (OR 4.2, 95% CI 2.5-10.9), and low level of physical activity (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0-4.6) were significantly associated with flatfoot. Children who were overweight, obese, and also experiencing foot pain have a 2.8 (95% CI 1.62-5.94) and 4.1 (95% CI 2.85-8.31) times greater chance of having flatfoot respectively. The prevalence of flatfoot among 560 normal weight children was 17.5%. CONCLUSIONS:The findings of this study demonstrated that the overall prevalence and the prevalence of flatfoot among normal-weight children are almost the same. There is a definite need to develop a screening algorithm for diagnosis and treatment indication for this children's lower extremity disorder.

SUBMITTER: Abich Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7447044 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Flatfoot and associated factors among Ethiopian school children aged 11 to 15 years: A school-based study.

Abich Yohannes Y Mihiret Tewodros T Yihunie Akalu Temesgen T Gashaw Moges M Janakiraman Balamurugan B

PloS one 20200825 8

<h4>Background</h4>The Foot health of a child plays a pivotal role in their participation in play, locomotive activities, healthy lifestyle, somatic development, and weight management. The burden of flatfoot among children in Ethiopia is not known. The objective of this study was to analyze the structure of the medial foot arch using Staheli plantar arch index and investigate its associated factors among larger sample school children, aged 11-15 years in Ethiopia.<h4>Methods</h4>A school-based c ...[more]

PMID: 32841276

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Project description:BackgroundThere has been a noticeable increase in the prevalence of allergy-related disorders (ARDs) in the modern era. Urbanization is believed to be a major environmental risk factor for the onset of ARDs but data from low- to middle-income countries is limited.ObjectiveOur purpose was to assess the prevalence of ARDs and atopy among a population of rural Ethiopian school children and identify environmental and lifestyle factors associated with such disorders.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study on 541 school-children. An interviewer-led questionnaire administered to the mothers of each participant provided information on demographic and lifestyle variables. Questions on allergic disease symptoms were based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) core allergy and environmental questionnaire. Skin prick test for common allergens German cockroach (Blattella germanica) and dust mite (Dermatophagoides) was performed to define atopy. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the odds ratio between ARDs and atopy with specific environmental and lifestyle habits.Results541 children responded to the survey questions: the majority of participants were female (60.3%) and aged 10-15 years-old. The prevalence of any ARD was 27%, while the rates of ever-having eczema, rhinitis, and wheeze was found to be 16.8%, 9.6%, and 8.6% respectively. Only 3.6% (19 school-children) tested positive for any skin sensitization. Analysis of associated factors for ARDs found that a family history of allergic disorders (AOR: 2.80; p-value<0.01), use of insecticides (AOR: 2.05; p-value<0.01), and wearing open-toed shoes (AOR: 2.19; p-value = 0.02) were all significantly associated factors. Insecticide use, river-bathing, and infection with intestinal parasites were found to be significantly associated factors for atopy. Other potential risk factors such as frequent use of soap, bacterial infection, and household crowding had no statistical significance.ConclusionOur study suggests that the prevalence of skin sensitization and ARDs in rural populations of developing countries is still relatively low. We identified several possible risk factors for further investigation. Overall, the significance of identified risk factors appears to indicate that genetic predisposition and exposure to environmental pollution are more important to the etiology of ARDs and atopy than specific lifestyle behaviors.

Project description:ObjectivesTo investigate factors associated with movement behaviours among White British (WB) and South Asian (SA) children aged 6-8 years during school terms and holidays.DesignCross-sectional.SettingThree primary schools from the Bradford area, UK.ParticipantsOne hundred and sixty WB and SA children aged 6-8 years.Primary and secondary outcomesSedentary behaviour (SB), light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) measured by accelerometry during summer, winter and spring and during school terms and school holidays. Data were analysed using multivariate mixed-effects multilevel modelling with robust SEs. Factors of interest were ethnicity, holiday/term, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), weight status, weekend/weekday and season.ResultsOne hundred and eight children (67.5%) provided 1157 valid days of data. Fifty-nine per cent of children were WB (n=64) and 41% (n=44) were SA. Boys spent more time in MVPA (11 min/day, p=0.013) compared with girls and SA children spent more time in SB (39 min, p=0.017) compared with WB children in adjusted models. Children living in higher SES areas were more sedentary (43 min, p=0.006) than children living in low SES areas. Children were more active during summer (15 min MVPA, p<0.001; 27 LPA, p<0.001) and spring (15 min MVPA, p=0.005; 38 min LPA, p<0.001) and less sedentary (-42 min and -53 min, p<0.001) compared with winter. Less time (8 min, p=0.012) was spent in LPA during school terms compared with school holidays. Children spent more time in MVPA (5 min, p=0.036) during weekend compared with weekdays. Overweight and obese children spent more time in LPA (21 min, p=0.021) than normal-weight children.ConclusionThe results of our study suggest that significant child level factors associated with movement behaviours are ethnicity, sex, weight-status and area SES. Significant temporal factors are weekends, school holidays and seasonality. Interventions to support health enhancing movement behaviours may need to be tailored around these factors.

Project description:BackgroundGood oral health (OH) is essential for physical, social, mental health, and overall quality of life. This study assessed the usefulness of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in changing oral health-related behaviors among school children aged 11-13 years in Saveh, Iran.MethodsIn this descriptive before and after study, participants were sixth-grade students at single sex primary schools in Saveh city, Iran. We recruited 356 school children in 2019. Using simple random sampling, a male and a female school per district were allocated to the experimental group and the remaining schools to the control group. Our planned oral health education consisted of four one-hour training sessions over 1 week. The first session familiarized the participants with important information about OH. In the second session, we applied a brain storming exercise to identify the benefits and barriers to flossing and brushing. In the third session, a short film about correct brushing and dental flossing technique was shown and research team also used role-playing to correct any mistakes. In the final session students were taught about the importance and the application of OH planning and given forms to help plan for brushing.ResultsParticipants for the study included 356 students (180 in the experimental group and 176 in the control group) who completed the post-test questionnaire. The mean age ± standard deviation was 11.55 years ±0.93 in the experimental group and 11.58 years ±1.01 in the control group. After the intervention, the paired t-test indicated a significant difference between the mean and standard deviation of the action plan and coping plan constructs in the experimental group before and after the intervention (p < 0.05). Covariance analysis indicated a significant difference between scores of intervention and control groups under statistical control of post-test in two groups (covariate) after a peer-led education program (post-test) (p < 0.05).ConclusionA shortage of professional health workers in education settings together with the ease, usefulness and low-cost of this peer-led method, suggest further steps should be taken to implement it more widely to improve and enhance primary school aged students' oral health behavior.

Project description:BackgroundAtypical pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila are increasingly recognized as important causes of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) worldwide. Such etiological data for Vietnam is scarce and clinical doctors lack accurate information on which to base their diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia. This study identifies the prevalence and risk factors of severe community acquired pneumonia due to these atypical pathogens (severe-ApCAP) in children aged 1-15 years with CAP in a pediatric hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam.Methods722 hospitalized children with CAP were recruited for detecting those atypical pathogens, using multiplex PCR and ELISA. Clinical and epidemiological data were collected. Multivariate logistic-regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations of potential risk factors with severe-ApCAP.ResultsAmong 215 atypical pathogen-positive CAP cases, 45.12% (97/215) were severe-ApCAP. Among the severe-ApCAP group, 55.67% (54/97) cases were caused by pure atypical pathogens and 44.33% (43/97) resulted from a co-infection with typical respiratory pathogens. M. pneumoniae was the most common, with 86.6% cases (84/97) in the severe-ApCAP group, whereas C. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila were less frequent (6.19% and 7.22%, respectively). The highest rate of severe-ApCAP was in children younger than two years (65.98%). The differences related to age are statistically significant (P = 0.008).The factors significantly associated with severe-ApCAP were age (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.75-0.93, P = 0.001), co-infection with typical bacteria (OR = 4.86, 95% CI = 2.17-10.9, P < 0.0001), co-infection with respiratory viruses (OR = 4.36, 95% CI = 1.46-13.0, P = 0.008), respiratory/cardiac system malformation (OR = 14.8, 95% CI = 1.12-196, P = 0.041) and neonatal pneumonia (OR = 11.1, 95% CI = 1.06-116, P = 0.044).ConclusionsSevere-ApCAP presented at a significant rate in Vietnamese children. More than 50% of severe-ApCAP cases were associated with pure atypical pathogen infection. M. pneumoniae appeared most frequently. The highest rate of severe-ApCAP was in children younger than two years. Younger age and co-infection with typical bacteria or viruses were the most significant risk factors, while respiratory/cardiac system malformation and neonatal pneumonia were additional potential risk factors, associated with severe-ApCAP in Vietnamese children.

Project description:BackgroundUrogenital schistosomiasis remains as a public health problem in Tanzania and for the past 15 years, mass drug administration (MDA) targeting primary school children has remained as the mainstay for its control. However, after multiple rounds of MDA in highly risk groups, there are no data on the current status of Schistosoma haematobium in known endemic areas. Furthermore, the performance of commonly used diagnostic test, the urine reagent strips is not known after the decline in prevalence and intensities of infection following repeated rounds of treatment. Thus, after 15 of national MDA, there is a need to review the strategy and infection diagnostic tools available to inform the next stage of schistosomiasis control in the country.Methods/findingsA analytical cross-sectional study was conducted between October and November, 2019 among pre-school (3-5years old) and school aged children (6-17 years old) living in four (4) districts with low (<10%) and moderate (10%-<50%) endemicity for schistosomiasis as per WHO classification at the start of the national control programme in 2005/06, with mean prevalence of 20.7%. A total of 20,389 children from 88 randomly selected primary schools participated in the study. A questionnaire was used to record demographic information. A single urine sample was obtained from each participant and visually examined for macrohaematuria, tested with a dipstick for micro-haematuria, to determine blood in urine; a marker of schistosome related morbidity and a proxy of infection. Infection intensity was determined by parasitological examination of the urine sample for S. haematobium eggs. Overall, mean infection prevalence was 7.4% (95%CI: 7.0-7.7, 1514/20,389) and geometric mean infection intensity was 15.8eggs/10mls. Both infection prevalence (5.9% versus 9%, P<0.001) and intensity (t = -6.9256, P<0.001) were significantly higher in males compared to females respectively. Light and heavy infections were detected in 82.3% and 17.7% of the positive children respectively. The prevalence of macrohaematuria was 0.3% and that of microhaematuria was 9.3% (95%CI:8.9-9.7). The sensitivity and specificity of the urine reagent strip were 78% (95%CI: 76.1-79.9) and 99.8% (95%CI: 99.7-99.9). Having light (P<0.001) and heavy infection intensities (P<0.001) and living in the study districts increased the odd of having microhaematuria. Predictors of S. haematobium infection were being male (P<0.003), microhaematuria (P<0.001), and living in the three study districts (P<0.001) compared to living at Nzega district.ConclusionThe findings provide an updated geographical prevalence which gives an insight on the planning and implementation of MDA. Comparing with the earlier mapping survey at the start of the national wide mass drug administration, the prevalence of S. haematobium infection have significantly declined. This partly could be attributed to repeated rounds of mass drug administration. The urine reagent strips remain as a useful adjunct diagnostic test for rapid monitoring of urogenital schistosomiasis in areas with low and high prevalence. Based on prevalence levels and with some schools having no detectable infections, review of the current blanket mass drug administration is recommended.

Dataset Information

Flatfoot and associated factors among Ethiopian school children aged 11 to 15 years: A school-based study.

Publications

Flatfoot and associated factors among Ethiopian school children aged 11 to 15 years: A school-based study.

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