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Effects of leucine-enriched essential amino acid supplementation on muscular fatigue and inflammatory cytokines in wheelchair basketball players.

ABSTRACT: PURPOSE:This study aimed to investigate the effects of leucine-enriched essential amino acid (LEAA) supplementation on muscle fatigue and the level of inflammatory cytokines in wheelchair basketball players after a basketball game and interval training. METHODS:Of the ten recruited wheelchair basketball players (aged 34.5±8.9 years; lean body mass of 34.3±10.0 kg) who had spinal cord injury (SCI) and had undergone amputation, nine participated in the final test. These nine athletes received LEAA supplements (3 times 4.0 g/day) or placebo treatment in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. We measured variables related to muscular fatigue and inflammatory response before the intense exercise and 4 days after recovery. RESULTS:The significant effect of LEAA supplementation was inhibition of circulating IL-6 levels in the LEAA-treated group compared with the placebo group (P < .05). However, no changes were observed in the TNF-? and creatinine kinase levels. Moreover, analysis of variance analysis showed no significant difference in the relative values of muscle soreness. However, the effect size analysis with Cohen's d reported a significant improvement in the relative values of whole body and back muscle soreness. CONCLUSION:Our results revealed that LEAA supplementation before and after intense exercise could help reduce muscle soreness and IL-6 levels in wheelchair basketball players.

SUBMITTER: An YH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7451841 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effects of leucine-enriched essential amino acid supplementation on muscular fatigue and inflammatory cytokines in wheelchair basketball players.

An Young Hwan YH Kim Jisu J Kim Hee-Jae HJ Lim Kiwon K

Physical activity and nutrition 20200601 2

<h4>Purpose</h4>This study aimed to investigate the effects of leucine-enriched essential amino acid (LEAA) supplementation on muscle fatigue and the level of inflammatory cytokines in wheelchair basketball players after a basketball game and interval training.<h4>Methods</h4>Of the ten recruited wheelchair basketball players (aged 34.5±8.9 years; lean body mass of 34.3±10.0 kg) who had spinal cord injury (SCI) and had undergone amputation, nine participated in the final test. These nine athlete ...[more]

PMID: 32698260

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Project description:The primary aim of the present study was to investigate how the fatigue induced through a repeat sprint protocol acutely affected different measures of neuromuscular performance. Recreationally trained basketball players (n = 25) volunteered to participate in the study, and performed three countermovement jumps (CMJ), as well as three drop jumps (DJ) prior to a fatiguing repeat sprint protocol. These procedures were repeated two minutes, and 15 minutes, following the protocol. Various force-time metrics were extracted from the jump tasks, and linear mixed models with subject ID as the random factor, and time as the fixed factor were used to investigate changes across the three time points. To account for the performance during the repeat sprint protocol, a second, two factor model was performed with time and repeat sprint ability (RSA) as the fixed factors. Study results indicated that the sample as a whole merely experienced fatigue-induced decreases in jump height from pre-repeat sprint ability protocol (pre-RSA) within the CMJ compared to two minutes post-repeat sprint ability protocol (post-RSA1) and 15 minutes post-repeat sprint ability protocol (post-RSA2), while jump height within the DJ was only significantly different from pre-RSA at post-RSA1. Further, despite the implementation of the fatiguing RSA protocol, over the course of the three time-points, participants seemed to perform the two jump tasks more efficiently, seen through significantly lower contraction times, greater eccentric (ECC) peak power, and greater ECC mean deceleration force within the CMJ following the RSA task. The two-factor model revealed that several significant time*RSA interactions were found for metrics such as ECC peak velocity and peak power in the CMJ, as well as reactive strength index in the DJ. This suggests that the level of RSA influenced changes across CMJ and DJ characteristics and should be accounted for when interpreting fatigue-induced changes in neuromuscular performance.

Project description:Wheelchair basketball has evolved into a high-performance sport over several years, and small variations in player performance can determine the difference between winning and losing. Therefore, adequate micronutrient intake may influence this difference if performance-promoting macronutrient intake and physical fitness are equal between teams. Seventeen elite male wheelchair basketball players belonging to the Spanish National Team participated in this study. Macro- and micronutrient intake were determined using a food-weighing diary over three consecutive days during three training camps in two consecutive years. Current Dietary Reference Intake levels were used to determine the adequacy of intake of seventeen micronutrients of particular interest for athletes. After categorizing the consumed foods into fourteen food groups according to the National Nutrient Database for Standard References (USDA) these groups were used to identify the best predictors of the adequacy of intake for each micronutrient. Total energy intake correlated positively with the adequacy of all micronutrient intake levels, except for vitamins A and E. Five B vitamins and phosphorus, selenium, and iron showed 100% adequacy. All other micronutrient intake levels were found to be inadequate, e.g., vitamin E (51% adequacy) and calcium (73%). The fruit, fish and cereal food groups were found to be predictors of adequate intake of most micronutrients. Together with energy intake (p = .009, ?2 = 0.49), the intake of the fruit (p = .032, ?2 = 0.39) and egg (p = .036, Kendall's W = 0.42) food groups increased significantly over time, along with improved iodine (p = .008, W = 0.61) and magnesium (p = .030, W = 0.44) adequacy levels. Because the adequacy of micronutrient intake correlates positively with energy intake (R = 0.64, p < .001), a varied diet that includes cereals, fish and fruits is especially important for players with low levels of energy intake. Supplements may be a possible solution if adequate micronutrient intake cannot be achieved through regular dietary intake alone. However, dietary analyses should be conducted on a regular basis throughout the year to improve the nutritional knowledge of the athletes and assure adequate micronutrient intake.

Project description:Research backgroundIn this study, we investigated the effects of soluble dietary fibre on improving neuromuscular and cardiovascular endurance and perception of fatigue in a closely monitored group of basketball players. Prebiotics have been sidelined in sports nutrition and their effect on performance remains poorly investigated and understood.Experimental approachEighteen healthy male basketball players were divided into two groups; one received 17 g/day of soluble dietary fibre (Nutriose®) for four weeks and the other group received placebo. Their morphological characteristics, neuromuscular and cardiovascular endurance, and rating of perceived exertion according to the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale were assessed. Measurements were taken before supplementation and after four weeks of supplementation. Faecal samples were collected from all participants immediately before and after the supplementation period, their total DNA extracted and sent for amplicon sequencing.Results and conclusionsIn this study, fibre had no statistically significant effect on the vertical-type explosive power, no statistically significant effect on sprint-type explosive power, nor on aerobic and anaerobic endurance in the experimental group. Soluble fibre had a statistically significant effect on reducing the rating of perceived exertion of basketball players during the competitive part of the season (RPE 7.27±0.04 versus 8.82±0.81). This was confirmed by two-way ANOVA with replication, which showed that within-group interaction (p=0.0193), before and after dietary intake (p=0.0049), and between-group interaction before and after dietary intake (p=0.0313) had a significant effect on the result. The overall conclusion of the study is that soluble dietary fibre supplementation does not improve neuromuscular and cardiovascular endurance over a 4-week period. However, fibre supplementation could have a significant effect on reducing the rating of perceived exertion, as shown by the statistics. Both amplicon sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics results suggest that this could be the result of the beneficial effect on the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites.Novelty and scientific contributionThis work highlights the importance of prebiotics in sports nutrition. Dietary fibre has been a neglected component of sports nutrition. This study demonstrated a statistically significant positive effect on the perception of fatigue, highlighting the need for further studies in this direction.

Project description:Skeletal muscle loss (sarcopenia) is a major clinical complication in alcoholic cirrhosis with no effective therapy. Skeletal muscle autophagic proteolysis and myostatin expression (inhibitor of protein synthesis) are increased in cirrhosis and believed to contribute to anabolic resistance. A prospective study was performed to determine the mechanisms of sarcopenia in alcoholic cirrhosis and potential reversal by leucine. In six well-compensated, stable, alcoholic patients with cirrhosis and eight controls, serial vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained before and 7 hours after a single oral branched chain amino acid mixture enriched with leucine (BCAA/LEU). Primed-constant infusion of l-[ring-(2) H5 ]-phenylalanine was used to quantify whole-body protein breakdown and muscle protein fractional synthesis rate using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Muscle expression of myostatin, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) targets, autophagy markers, protein ubiquitination, and the intracellular amino acid deficiency sensor general control of nutrition 2 were quantified by immunoblots and the leucine exchanger (SLC7A5) and glutamine transporter (SLC38A2), by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Following oral administration, plasma BCAA concentrations showed a similar increase in patients with cirrhosis and controls. Skeletal muscle fractional synthesis rate was 9.63?±?0.36%/hour in controls and 9.05?±?0.68%/hour in patients with cirrhosis (P?=?0.54). Elevated whole-body protein breakdown in patients with cirrhosis was reduced with BCAA/LEU (P?=?0.01). Fasting skeletal muscle molecular markers showed increased myostatin expression, impaired mTOR signaling, and increased autophagy in patients with cirrhosis compared to controls (P?<?0.01). The BCAA/LEU supplement did not alter myostatin expression, but mTOR signaling, autophagy measures, and general control of nutrition 2 activation were consistently reversed in cirrhotic muscle (P?<?0.01). Expression of SLC7A5 was higher in the basal state in patients with cirrhosis than controls (P?<?0.05) but increased with BCAA/LEU only in controls (P?<?0.001).Impaired mTOR1 signaling and increased autophagy in skeletal muscle of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis is acutely reversed by BCAA/LEU.

Project description:BackgroundSarcopenia, which is strongly associated with mortality and quality of life, occurs in up to 40% of hemodialysis patients. Here, we investigated the preventive effects of leucine-enriched amino acid supplementation and resistance exercise in non-sarcopenic hemodialysis patients, and characterized the biochemical and immunophenotypic profiles of those who benefited from the intervention.MethodsTwenty-two patients on maintenance hemodialysis at our hospital were enrolled in this single center, prospective, single-arm pilot trial. For the first 12 weeks, the subjects were administered a total of 6 g of leucine per day. Three grams were supplied via capsules, and the remaining three grams were provided via beverages containing macro- and micro- nutrients, such as 10 μg of vitamin D and 290 mg of calcium. The supplements were not provided for the next 12 weeks. Muscle mass, grip strength, and physical performance were measured using the bioimpedance analyzer (BIA), handgrip strength (HGS), and short physical performance battery (SPPB) protocols, respectively, at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks. In addition, serum biochemistry, immunophenotype of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and nutritional status was assessed at the three time points. Those who showed 5% or more improvement in parameters were defined as responders, otherwise, as non-responders (ClinicalTrials.gov identification number: NCT04927208).ResultsTwenty-one out of twenty-two patients (95.4%) showed improvement in at least one or more parameters among muscle mass, grip strength, and physical performance. After 12 weeks of intervention, skeletal muscle index was increased in 14 patients (63.6%), and grip strength was improved in 7 patients (31.8%). Baseline grip strength lower than 35.0 kg was the strongest predictor of improvement in grip strength (AUC 0.933 from ROC curve). Grip strength showed a significant increase in females than males (7.6 ± 8.2 vs. -1.6 ± 7.2%, p = 0.03), in age over 60 than under 60 (5.3 ± 6.2 vs. -1.4 ± 9.1%, p = 0.04), and in higher (≥95%) than lower (<95%) exercise compliance (6.8 ± 7.7 vs. -3.2 ± 6.4%, p = 0.004). In SPPB study, gait speed and sit-to-stand time was improved in 13 patients (59.1%) and 14 patients (63.6%), respectively. Baseline hemoglobin lower than 10.5 g/dl and hematocrit lower than 30.8% were predictor of improvement in the sit-to-stand time (AUC 0.862 and 0.848, respectively). Serum biochemistry results showed that, compared to non-responders, responders in muscle mass had lower baseline monocyte fraction (8.4 ± 1.9 vs. 6.9 ± 1.1%, p = 0.03), and responders in grip strength had lower baseline total protein (6.7 ± 0.4 vs. 6.4 ± 0.3 g/dL, p = 0.04). Immunophenotypic analysis found that the intervention tended to increase the naïve/memory CD8+ T cell ratio (from 1.2 ± 0.8 to 1.4 ± 1.1, p = 0.07).ConclusionLeucine-enriched amino acid supplementation and resistance exercise induced significant improvement in muscle mass, strength, and physical function in subpopulation of the non-sarcopenic hemodialysis patients. Those who benefited from the intervention were old-age females with lower baseline grip strength or lower hemoglobin or hematocrit, and who have good exercise compliance. Therefore, we propose that the intervention will help to prevent sarcopenia in selected patients on maintenance hemodialysis.

Dataset Information

Effects of leucine-enriched essential amino acid supplementation on muscular fatigue and inflammatory cytokines in wheelchair basketball players.

Publications

Effects of leucine-enriched essential amino acid supplementation on muscular fatigue and inflammatory cytokines in wheelchair basketball players.

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