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A method for evaluating the toxicity interaction of binary mixtures.

ABSTRACT: Improving the formulation of biological insecticides for greater efficiency and competitiveness is of particular importance with respect to the successful application of these agents in the field. In this regard, mixing different agents is known to be an effective strategy for enhancing practical pest control. However, traditional chemical-based control strategies have significant limitations that compromise control effectiveness, as effects tend to become increasingly dose-dependent over time. To overcome such limitations, and thereby ensure the continuous effective control of insect pests, we herein assessed the efficacy of binary mixtures of biological agents, with the aim of establishing an optimal ratio. The optimized mixture showed a significantly higher insecticidal effect, whereby biological pest control was considerably enhanced.•We combined Beauveria bassiana spores with azadirachtin, a chemical pesticide of botanical origin, and by assessing the efficacy of these two elements combined in different ratios, obtained an optimal formula. Additionally, we evaluated the compatibility between the two elements, and then assessed potential synergistic effects, as determined by the co-toxicity coefficient.•This protocol is dependent on the results of bioassays. It is not only suitable for combining fungal and chemical agents for the purposes of biocontrol but is also applicable to a variety of biological pesticides.•The evaluated binary mixture showed enhanced effective insect control. This approach will contribute to reducing applied dosages, thereby promoting efficient pest control and reducing application costs.

SUBMITTER: Wei QY

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7452319 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A method for evaluating the toxicity interaction of binary mixtures.

Wei Qiu-Yang QY

MethodsX 20200813

Improving the formulation of biological insecticides for greater efficiency and competitiveness is of particular importance with respect to the successful application of these agents in the field. In this regard, mixing different agents is known to be an effective strategy for enhancing practical pest control. However, traditional chemical-based control strategies have significant limitations that compromise control effectiveness, as effects tend to become increasingly dose-dependent over time. ...[more]

PMID: 32874943

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Project description:The recent development of a custom cDNA microarray platform for one of thé standard organisms in aquatic toxicology, Daphnia magna, opened up new ways to mechanistic insights of toxicological responses. In this study, gene expression and (sub)organismal responses (Cellular Energy Allocation, growth) were assayed after short-term waterborne metal exposure. Microarray analysis of Ni-exposed daphnids revealed several affected functional gene classes, of which the largest ones were involved in different metabolic processes (mainly protein and chitin related processes), cuticula turnover, transport and signal transduction. Furthermore, genes involved in oxygen transport and heme metabolism (hemoglobin, δ-aminolevilunate synthase) were down-regulated. Applying a Partial Least Squares regression on nickel fingerprints and biochemical (sub)organismal parameters revealed a set of co-varying genes (hemoglobin, RNA terminal phosphate cyclase, a ribosomal protein and an “unknown” gene fragment). An inverse relationship was seen between the mRNA expression levels of different cuticula proteins and available energy reserves. In addition to the nickel exposure, daphnids were exposed to binary mixtures of nickel and cadmium or nickel and lead. Using multivariate analysis techniques, the mixture gene expression fingerprints (Ni2++Cd2+, Ni2++Pb2+) were compared to those of the single metal treatments (Ni2+, Cd2+, Pb2+). It was hypothesized that the molecular fingerprints of the mixtures would be additive combinations of the gene expression profiles of the individual compounds present in the mixture. However, our results clearly showed additionally affected pathways after mixture treatment (e.g. additional affected genes involved in carbohydrate catabolic processes and proteolysis), indicating interactive molecular responses which are not merely the additive sum of the individual metals. These findings, although indicative of the complex nature of mixture toxicity evaluation, underline the potential of a toxicogenomics approach in gaining more mechanistic information on the effects of single compounds and mixtures.

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A method for evaluating the toxicity interaction of binary mixtures.

Publications

A method for evaluating the toxicity interaction of binary mixtures.

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