Complete chloroplast genome sequence of Betula microphylla (Betulaceae).
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Hua D
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7510756 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:In the present study, we analyzed the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Betula costata using the Ion Torrent platform. The chloroplast genome of B. costata was found to be 160,547 bp in length, with a large single-copy (LSC) region of 89,385 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 19,038 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 26,062 bp each. The overall GC content of the chloroplast genome was 36.1%. It contained 132 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that B. costata is closely related to Betula nana and Betula pubescens.
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Project description:Betula chichibuensis is a critically endangered limestone birch confined to the Chichibu and Kitakami mountains in central and northeastern Japan, respectively. In this study, we assembled and characterized the complete chloroplast genome of B. chichibuensis. The whole chloroplast genome was 160,791 bp in length, consisting of a large single-copy (LSC) region of 89,504 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 19,175 bp, separated by a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,056 bp. It contained 133 genes, including 88 protein-coding genes (80 PCG types), 37 tRNA genes (30 tRNA types), and eight rRNA genes (four rRNA types). The overall GC content of the chloroplast genome was 36.01%. Phylogenetic analysis resolved B. chichibuensis as sister to the clade containing B. pendula.
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Project description:Smilax microphylla C. H. Wright is a climbing shrub that can be used for herbal medicine. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of S. microphylla was determined in this study. It is 158,246 bp in length with a GC content of 37.12%, and consists of a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 27,175 bp, a large single copy (LSC) region of 85,229 bp, and a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,667 bp. The genome encoded 132 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis showed that S. microphylla is phylogenetically closely related to Smilax china and Smilax nipponica.
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Project description:BackgroundBetula platyphylla is a common tree species in northern China that has high economic and medicinal value. Our laboratory has been devoted to genome research on B. platyphylla for approximately 10 years. As primary organelle genomes, the complete genome sequences of chloroplasts are important to study the divergence of species, RNA editing and phylogeny. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of B. platyphylla.ResultsThe complete cp genome of B. platyphylla was 160,518 bp in length, which included a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 26,056 bp that separated a large single copy (LSC) region of 89,397 bp and a small single copy (SSC) region of 19,009 bp. The annotation contained a total of 129 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. There were 3 genes using alternative initiation codons. Comparative genomics showed that the sequence of the Fagales species cp genome was relatively conserved, but there were still some high variation regions that could be used as molecular markers. The IR expansion event of B. platyphylla resulted in larger cp genomes and rps19 pseudogene formation. The simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis showed that there were 105 SSRs in the cp genome of B. platyphylla. RNA editing sites recognition indicated that at least 80 RNA editing events occurred in the cp genome. Most of the substitutions were C to U, while a small proportion of them were not. In particular, three editing loci on the rRNA were converted to more than two other bases that had never been reported. For synonymous conversion, most of them increased the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) value of the codons. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that B. platyphylla had a closer evolutionary relationship with B. pendula than B. nana.ConclusionsIn this study, we not only obtained and annotated the complete cp genome sequence of B. platyphylla, but we also identified new RNA editing sites and predicted the phylogenetic relationships among Fagales species. These findings will facilitate genomic, genetic engineering and phylogenetic studies of this important species.
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Project description:BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Betula L. (birch) is a genus of approx. 60 species, subspecies or varieties with a wide distribution in the northern hemisphere, of ecological and economic importance. A new classification of Betula has recently been proposed based on morphological characters. This classification differs somewhat from previously published molecular phylogenies, which may be due to factors such as convergent evolution, hybridization, incomplete taxon sampling or misidentification of samples. While chromosome counts have been made for many species, few have had their genome size measured. The aim of this study is to produce a new phylogenetic and genome size analysis of the genus. METHODS:Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced for 76 Betula samples verified by taxonomic experts, representing approx. 60 taxa, of which approx. 24 taxa have not been included in previous phylogenetic analyses. A further 49 samples from other collections were also sequenced, and 108 ITS sequences were downloaded from GenBank. Phylogenetic trees were built for these sequences. The genome sizes of 103 accessions representing nearly all described species were estimated using flow cytometry. KEY RESULTS:As expected for a gene tree of a genus where hybridization and allopolyploidy occur, the ITS tree shows clustering, but not resolved monophyly, for the morphological subgenera recently proposed. Most sections show some clustering, but species of the dwarf section Apterocaryon are unusually scattered. Betula corylifolia (subgenus Nipponobetula) unexpectedly clusters with species of subgenus Aspera Unexpected placements are also found for B. maximowicziana, B. bomiensis, B. nigra and B. grossa Biogeographical disjunctions were found within Betula between Europe and North America, and also disjunctions between North-east and South-west Asia. The 2C-values for Betula ranged from 0·88 to 5·33?pg, and polyploids are scattered widely throughout the ITS phylogeny. Species with large genomes tend to have narrow ranges. CONCLUSIONS:Betula grossa may have formed via allopolyploidization between parents in subgenus Betula and subgenus Aspera. Betula bomiensis may also be a wide allopolyploid. Betula corylifolia may be a parental species of allopolyploids in the subsection Chinenses Placements of B. maximowicziana, B. michauxii and B. nigra need further investigation. This analysis, in line with previous studies, suggests that section Apterocaryon is not monophyletic and thus dwarfism has evolved repeatedly in different lineages of Betula Polyploidization has occurred many times independently in the evolution of Betula.
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Project description:Prunus mahaleb (L.) Mill. is a kind of ornamental species which originated from Europe and Western Asia. Here, we use Illumina paired-end sequencing to obtain the complete chloroplast genome of P. mahaleb. The complete cp genome of P. mahaleb with a size of 157,824?bp in length is a circular molecular genome, including a pair of inverted repeat (IR) region of 26,410?bp each, separated by a large single copy (LSC) region of 85,926?bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 19,078?bp. The genome consisted of 129 genes, including 84 protein-codon genes (PCGs), 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The GC content of the whole chloroplast genome is 36.7%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that P. mahaleb was the closest related to P. cerasoides and P. maximowiczii.
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