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The effect of chloride, sulfate and dissolved inorganic carbon on iron release from cast iron.

ABSTRACT: Iron corrosion in drinking water distribution systems causes water discoloration, water quality deterioration, hydraulic loss, and even pipe failures, which are usually influenced by pipe scale structure, water hydraulics, water chemistry, and other factors. This work evaluated the effects of chloride, sulfate, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) on iron release from a 90-year-old cast iron pipe section at water pH 8.0 under stagnant conditions. Experimental results showed that the addition of 150 mg/L sulfate to water significantly increased the mean total iron concentrations to 1.13-2.68 mg/L, relative to 0.54-0.79 mg/L for the baseline water with only 10 mg C/L DIC. Similar results were observed under conditions when chloride was added, and when sulfate and chloride were added together. In contrast, the mean total iron concentrations were significantly reduced by 53-80% in waters with higher DIC of 50 mg C/L, as compared to similar waters with lower DIC of 10 mg C/L. The Larson Ratio could be a good indicator for iron release depending on the circumstances. Iron release was predicted by molecular radial diffusion modelling that accounted for water quality, scale characteristics, hydraulics, and other condition-related information. The results provided insightful information for water systems that have cast iron pipes and galvanized iron pipes and that might encounter changes in water treatment and water sources. More studies are needed to better understand the cast iron corrosion mechanisms under the examined water chemistries.

SUBMITTER: Lytle DA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7520071 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The hydrothermal vent gammaproteobacterium Thiomicrospira crunogena inhabits an unstable environment and must endure dramatic sweeps in habitat chemistry. This sulfur chemolithoautotroph responds to changes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC; = CO2 + HCO3- + CO3-2) availability with a carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM), in which whole-cell affinity for DIC, as well as the intracellular DIC concentration, increase substantially under DIC-limitation. To determine whether this CCM is regulated at the level of transcription, cells cultivated under high-DIC conditions in chemostats were resuspended in growth medium with low concentrations of DIC, and CCM development was tracked in the presence and absence of RNA polymerase inhibitor rifampicin. The induction of the CCM, as measured by silicone oil centrifugation, was hindered in the presence of rifampicin. Similar results were observed for carboxysome gene transcription and assembly, as assayed by qRT-PCR and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Genome-wide transcription patterns, assayed via microarrays, were compared for cells grown under DIC-limitation versus ammonia limitation. In addition to carboxysome genes, two novel genes (Tcr_1019 and Tcr_1315), present in other organisms including chemolithoautotrophs, but whose function(s) have not been elucidated in any organism, were found to be upregulated under low-DIC conditions. Likewise, under ammonia limitation, in addition to the expected enhancement of ammonia transporter and PII-gene transcription, the transcription of two novel genes was measurably enhanced (Tcr_0466 and Tcr_2018). Upregulation of all four genes was verified via qRT-PCR (Tcr_1019: 4-fold; Tcr_1315: ~7-fold; Tcr_0466: >200-fold; Tcr_2018: 7-fold), suggesting novel components are part of the response to nutrient limitation by this organism. In this study Thiomicrospira crunogena cells were grown under inorganic carbon limitation and ammonia limitation (high inorganic carbon concentrations) to examine genome wide transcription responses

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The effect of chloride, sulfate and dissolved inorganic carbon on iron release from cast iron.

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