Dataset Information

Evaluation of the impact of heat on wheat dormancy, late maturity α-amylase and grain size under controlled conditions in diverse germplasm.

ABSTRACT: In the Australian wheat belts, short episodes of high temperatures or hot spells during grain filling are becoming increasingly common and have an enormous impact on yield and quality, bringing multi-billion losses annually. This problem will become recurrent under the climate change scenario that forecast increasing extreme temperatures, but so far, no systematic analysis of the resistance to hot spells has yet been performed in a diverse genetic background. We developed a protocol to study the effects of heat on three important traits: grain size, grain dormancy and the presence of Late Maturity α-Amylase (LMA), and we validated it by analysing the phenotypes of 28 genetically diverse wheat landraces and exploring the potential variability existing in the responses to hot spells. Using controlled growth environments, the different genotypes were grown in our standard conditions until 20 days after anthesis, and then moved for 10 days into a heat chamber. Our study showed that our elevated temperature treatment during mid-late filling triggered multiple detrimental effects on yield and quality. We observed a reduction in grain size, a reduction in grain dormancy and increased LMA expression in most of the tested genotypes, but potential resistant lines were identified for each analyzed trait opening new perspectives for future genetic studies and breeding for heat-insensitive commercial lines.

SUBMITTER: Barrero JM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7576155 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Evaluation of the impact of heat on wheat dormancy, late maturity α-amylase and grain size under controlled conditions in diverse germplasm.

Barrero Jose M JM Porfirio Luciana L Hughes Trijntje T Chen Jing J Dillon Shannon S Gubler Frank F Ral Jean-Philippe F JF

Scientific reports 20201020 1

In the Australian wheat belts, short episodes of high temperatures or hot spells during grain filling are becoming increasingly common and have an enormous impact on yield and quality, bringing multi-billion losses annually. This problem will become recurrent under the climate change scenario that forecast increasing extreme temperatures, but so far, no systematic analysis of the resistance to hot spells has yet been performed in a diverse genetic background. We developed a protocol to study the ...[more]

PMID: 33082361

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Project description:Late maturity alpha amylase is a wheat genetic defect causing the synthesis of high isoelectric point alpha amylase in the aleurone as a result of a temperature shock during mid grain development or prolonged cold throughout grain development leading to an unacceptable low falling numbers at harvest or during storage. High pI alpha amylase is normally not synthesized until after maturity in seeds when they may sprout in response to rain or germinate following sowing the next season crop. Whilst the physiology is well understood, the biochemical mechanisms involved in grain LMA response remain unclear. We have employed high throughput proteomics to analyse thousands of wheat flours displaying a range of LMA values. We have applied an array of statistical analyses to select LMA responsive biomarkers and we have mined them using a suite of tools applicable to wheat proteins. To our knowledge, this is not only the first proteomics study tackling the wheat LMA issue but also the largest plant based proteomics study published to date. Logistics, technicalities, requirements, and bottlenecks of such an ambitious experiment are discussed. We observed that stored LMA affected grains activated their primary metabolisms such as glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, TCA cycle, along with DNA and RNA binding mechanisms, as well as protein translation. This logically transitioned to protein folding activities driven by chaperones and protein disulfide isomerase, as well as protein assembly via dimerisation and complexing. The secondary metabolism was also mobilised with the up regulation of phytohormones, chemical and defense responses. LMA further invoked cellular structures among which ribosomes, microtubules, and chromatin. Finally, and unsurprisingly, LMA expression greatly impacted grain starch and other carbohydrates with the up regulation of alpha gliadins and starch metabolism, while LMW glutenin, stachyose, sucrose, UDP galactose and UDP glucose were down regulated. This work demonstrates that proteomics deserves to be part of the wheat LMA molecular toolkit and should be adopted by LMA scientists and breeders in the future. DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad084

Project description:Many wheat varieties have the potential to develop unacceptably high levels of α-amylase in the grains if exposed to a cool temperature shock or simply cool temperature during the early to middle stages of grain filling. This phenomenon is referred to as late maturity α-amylase (LMA). The enzyme persists in the grain until harvest and may result in wheat with a low Falling Number that does not meet receival and export specifications. Resistance to LMA is therefore a valuable target for wheat breeders and wheat industries in general. Genetic evidence implicating a locus on the long arm of chromosome 7B in variation in LMA phenotype was confirmed in this investigation. Through intensive fine-mapping an ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS), hitherto named LMA-1, was identified as the likely candidate gene associated with variation in LMA phenotype. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) within the LMA-1 coding sequence of Chinese Spring, Maringa and Halberd result in either prematurely terminated or functionally altered proteins that are associated with useful levels of resistance to LMA. LMA-1 transcripts detected in de-embryonated grain tissue from around 15 days after anthesis, several days before the synthesis of α-amylase, were low in the resistant varieties Chinese Spring and Maringa compared with LMA susceptible genotype Spica. This was associated with a dramatic reduction in the concentrations of intermediates in the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway such as GA19, evidence that LMA-1 was functioning as CPS in the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway. A survey of a large collection of Australian and international wheat varieties distinguished 9 major haplotypes at the LMA-1 locus. Generally, within classes, there was notable variation for LMA phenotype and evidence for genotypes whose resistance is presumed to be due to genetic loci located elsewhere on the wheat genome. Further investigation is required to characterize the sequence of steps between LMA-1 and α-amylase synthesis as well as to gain a better understanding of the role and potential impact of other genetic loci. Diagnostic markers for sources of resistance and SNP variation reported in this study should assist breeders to deploy resistance associated with LMA-1 variants in breeding programs.

Dataset Information

Evaluation of the impact of heat on wheat dormancy, late maturity α-amylase and grain size under controlled conditions in diverse germplasm.

Publications

Evaluation of the impact of heat on wheat dormancy, late maturity α-amylase and grain size under controlled conditions in diverse germplasm.

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