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Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase (AMACR), a Potential New Biomarker for Glioblastoma.

ABSTRACT: Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), which was initially discovered as a prostate cancer marker, is critical for the chiral inversion mechanism of branched-chain fatty acids. However, the function of AMACR in brain tumors has not been investigated. In this study, AMACR appeared to be involved in glioblastoma. The protein and mRNA levels of AMACR were highly elevated in glioblastoma. Downregulation of AMACR inhibited cell proliferation. Comprehensive analysis of the public REMBRANDT GBM dataset also confirmed that the level of AMACR expression was correlated with the clinical prognosis of glioma patients. In summary, these findings indicate that AMACR expression is increased in a glioblastoma cell line and glioma patients, suggesting that AMACR might be a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for cancer, including glioma.

SUBMITTER: Lee H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7590573 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase (AMACR), a Potential New Biomarker for Glioblastoma.

Lee Hyunji H Kim Minhee M Kim Seon-Hwan SH Tran Quangdon Q Kong Gyeyeong G Kim Chaeyeong C Kwon So Hee SH Park Jisoo J Park Jin Bong JB Park Sungjin S Park Jongsun J

Frontiers in oncology 20201013

Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), which was initially discovered as a prostate cancer marker, is critical for the chiral inversion mechanism of branched-chain fatty acids. However, the function of AMACR in brain tumors has not been investigated. In this study, AMACR appeared to be involved in glioblastoma. The protein and mRNA levels of AMACR were highly elevated in glioblastoma. Downregulation of AMACR inhibited cell proliferation. Comprehensive analysis of the public REMBRANDT GBM dataset ...[more]

PMID: 33154941

Similar Datasets

α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) serves as a prognostic biomarker for the early recurrence/metastasis of HCC.

Project description:AimsHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, and it is still lacking effective prognostic biomarkers so far. Previous results of the iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics study (iTRAQ-2DLC-MS/MS) have shown that α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) might be a promising prognostic biomarker for the early recurrence/metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here a large-scale cohort clinical study was performed to evaluate its prognostic potential.MethodsHCC samples from patients (n=158) were used for the construction of tissue microarray. The expression level of AMACR was determined by immunohistochemical staining. A large-scale cohort clinical study between the expression of AMACR and some major clinical parameter has been performed to assess the prognostic potential of AMACR for the early recurrence/metastasis of HCC.ResultsSome important clinical parameters such as α-fetoprotein, tumour numbers, dissemination to regional lymph nodes, tumour capsule and portal vein tumour thrombosis are significantly associated with the low expression of AMACR. The expression of AMACR was an independent factor for the survival of patients with HCC. The median survival time was 17 months in the low-expression group compared with 45 months in the high-expression group.ConclusionsThis study reveals that the AMACR might be a potential prognostic marker for predicting early recurrence/metastasis of HCC after hepatectomy.

| S-EPMC4215266 | biostudies-literature

α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) expression in chordomas differentiates them from chondrosarcomas.

Project description:Chordomas and chondrosarcomas are malignant mesenchymal tumours with overlapping morphological and immunohistochemical (IHC) characteristics. Our aim was to evaluate the IHC expression of α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR/P504S), β-catenin and E-cadherin in chordomas relative to chondrosarcomas and assess the utility of these markers for differential diagnosis.Archival sections of 18 chordomas, 19 chondrosarcomas and 10 mature cartilage samples were immunostained and scored for AMACR, β-catenin and E-cadherin and the relative differential capacity of each marker was calculated. In addition, AMACR mRNA level was assessed in 5 chordomas by RT-PCR and evaluated by comparative CT method.AMACR and β-catenin stained 88.9% and 94.1% of the chordomas respectively, 21.1% and 10.5% of the chondrosarcomas correspondingly and none of the mature cartilage samples. E-cadherin stained positively 82.4% of the chordomas, 36.8% of the chondrosarcomas and 42.9% of the mature cartilage cases. Both AMACR and β-catenin showed statistically significant difference between chordomas and chondrosarcomas (p < 0.001 for both), unlike E-cadherin. AMACR was detected at the mRNA level.AMACR is expressed in most of the chordomas but only in a minority of chondrosarcomas. AMACR may serve as IHC marker of chordoma with differentiating ability comparable to that of β-catenin.

| S-EPMC4758046 | biostudies-other

A-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) and prostate-cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 4,385 participants.

Project description:BackgroundAlpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) is a mitochondrial and peroxisomal enzyme that is overexpressed in prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to confirm and expand the findings that the PCa risk increased in men associated with AMACR expression across various geographic regions.MethodsA systematic search of databases was carried out and other relevant articles were also identified. Then the meta-analyses were conducted according to the standard guidelines.ResultsA total of 22 studies with 4,385 participants were included on the basis of inclusion criteria. AMACR by IHC was significantly associated with increased diagnosis of PCa (OR = 76.08; 95% CI, 25.53-226.68; P<0.00001). Subgroup-analysis showed that findings didn't substantially change when only Caucasians or Asians (OR = 51.23; 95% CI, 19.41-135.24; P<0.00001) were considered. Expression of AMACR by PCR in relation to PCa risk suggested that AMACR was associated with PCa (OR = 33.60; 95% CI, 4.67-241.77; P<0.00001). There was also no significant publication bias observed.ConclusionsOur findings provide further evidences that the expression of AMACR contribute to PCa risk. AMACR protein overexpression was found in prostate cancers, low expression in any of the normal tissues or in benign prostatic tissue. AMACR is potentially an important prostate tumor marker.

| S-EPMC3794046 | biostudies-literature

Asymptomatic retinal dysfunction in alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency.

Project description:PurposeAlpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) deficiency is a peroxisomal disorder due to biallelic mutations in AMACR. At least 13 genetically confirmed patients have been reported to date. Seven had obvious pigmentary retinopathy; however, for the other six, no retinal phenotype was mentioned. The purpose of this report is to document subtle retinal findings in an additional affected family.MethodsRetrospective case series (three affected siblings and their unaffected parents).ResultsThree Arab siblings (16, 19, and 22 years old) with prior juvenile cholelithiasis had been diagnosed with AMACR deficiency based on biochemical analysis, whole exome sequencing, and confirmatory segregation analysis (AMACR NM_001167595.1: c.877T>C; p.C293R). For all three, there were no visual complaints, but retinal multimodal imaging and electroretinography suggested subtle retinal dysfunction.ConclusionsRetinal dysfunction is a parameter that should be measured in patients with known or suspected AMACR deficiency even in the absence of visual symptoms. This may be helpful with clinical diagnosis and monitoring response to dietary interventions.

| S-EPMC8254661 | biostudies-literature

Exploiting the transcriptional specificity of the alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase <i>AMACR</i> promoter for the molecular imaging of prostate cancer.

Project description:The metabolic protein alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) is significantly overexpressed in prostate cancer compared to the normal prostate and other non-malignant tissue. Though an attractive target, there are no reports in the literature on leveraging the expression of AMACR for the molecular imaging of prostate cancer. Here, we used a molecular-genetic imaging strategy to exploit the transcriptional specificity of the AMACR promoter for the in vivo detection of prostate cancer using the reporter gene luciferase. We performed a stepwise truncation of the promoter and identified a 565 base pair minimal promoter for AMACR that retained both high activity and specificity. Following identification of the minimal promoter for AMACR, we used an advanced two-step transcriptional amplification system to maximize the promoter output. We showed that our optimized AMACR promoter can drive expression of luciferase for molecular imaging in subcutaneous xenograft models of androgen receptor-positive and androgen receptor-negative prostate cancer using a non-replicative adenovirus for gene delivery. Our results provide evidence that the AMACR promoter can be exploited to drive the cancer-specific expression of reporter genes and potentially even be incorporated into conditionally replicative adenoviruses for oncolytic therapy and other applications.

| S-EPMC6291171 | biostudies-literature

High-throughput screen identifies novel inhibitors of cancer biomarker ?-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR/P504S).

Project description:?-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) is a metabolic enzyme whose overexpression has been shown to be a diagnostic indicator of prostatic adenocarcinoma and other solid tumors. Here, we confirm that attenuation of AMACR expression diminishes the growth of prostate cancer cell lines by using stably expressed short-hairpin RNA constructs. This observation strongly suggests that the AMACR enzyme may be a target for therapeutic inhibition in prostate cancer. To this end, we report here a novel assay capable of screening libraries of diverse small molecules for inhibitors of AMACR activity. This assay facilitated the screening of approximately 5,000 unique compounds and the discovery of 7 distinct chemical entities capable of inhibiting AMACR at low micromolar concentrations. The most potent inhibitor discovered is the seleno-organic compound ebselen oxide [inhibitory concentration (IC(50)): 0.80 ?mol/L]. The parent compound, ebselen (IC(50): 2.79 ?mol/L), is a covalent inactivator of AMACR (K(I)((inact)): 24 ?mol/L). Two of the AMACR inhibitors are selectively toxic to prostate cancer cell lines (LAPC4/LNCaP/PC3) that express AMACR compared to a normal prostate fibroblast cell line (WPMY1) that does not express the protein. This report shows the first high-throughput screen for the discovery of novel AMACR inhibitors, characterizes the first nonsubstrate-based inhibitors, and validates that AMACR is a viable chemotherapeutic target in vitro.

| S-EPMC3423201 | biostudies-literature

Expression and characterization of α-methylacyl CoA racemase from Anisakis simplex larvae.

Project description:Larval excretory-secretory products of Anisakis simplex are known to cause allergic reactions in humans. A cDNA library of A. simplex 3rd-stage larvae (L3) was immunoscreened with polyclonal rabbit serum raised against A. simplex L3 excretory-secretory products to identify an antigen that elicits the immune response. One cDNA clone, designated as α-methylacyl CoA racemase (Amacr) contained a 1,412 bp cDNA transcript with a single open reading frame that encoded 418 amino acids. A. simplex Amacr showed a high degree of homology compared to Amacr orthologs from other species. Amacr mRNA was highly and constitutively expressed regardless of temperature (10-40℃) and time (24-48 hr). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Amacr was expressed mainly in the ventriculus of A. simplex larvae. The Amacr protein produced in large quantities from the ventriculus is probably responsible for many functions in the development and growth of A. simplex larvae.

| S-EPMC3375458 | biostudies-literature

MRI characterisation of adult onset alpha-methylacyl-coA racemase deficiency diagnosed by exome sequencing.

Project description:BACKGROUND: Correct diagnosis is pivotal to understand and treat neurological disease. Herein, we report the diagnostic work-up utilizing exome sequencing and the characterization of clinical features and brain MRI in two siblings with a complex, adult-onset phenotype; including peripheral neuropathy, epilepsy, relapsing encephalopathy, bilateral thalamic lesions, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cataract, pigmentary retinopathy and tremor. METHODS: We applied clinical and genealogical investigations, homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing to establish the diagnosis and MRI to characterize the cerebral lesions. RESULTS: A recessive genetic defect was suspected in two siblings of healthy, but consanguineous parents. Homozygosity mapping revealed three shared homozygous regions and exome sequencing, revealed a novel homozygous c.367?G>A [p.Asp123Asn] mutation in the ?-methylacyl-coA racemase (AMACR) gene in both patients. The genetic diagnosis of ?-methylacyl-coA racemase deficiency was confirmed by demonstrating markedly increased pristanic acid levels in blood (169??mol/L, normal <1.5??mol/L). MRI studies showed characteristic degeneration of cerebellar afferents and efferents, including the dentatothalamic tract and thalamic lesions in both patients. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic diseases presenting late are diagnostically challenging. We show that appropriately applied, homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing can be decisive for establishing diagnoses such as late onset ?-methylacyl-coA racemase deficiency, an autosomal recessive peroxisomal disorder with accumulation of pristanic acid. Our study also highlights radiological features that may assist in diagnosis. Early diagnosis is important as patients with this disorder may benefit from restricted dietary phytanic and pristanic acid intake.

| S-EPMC3567975 | biostudies-literature

The role of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase in bile acid synthesis.

Project description:According to current views, the second peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway is responsible for the degradation of the side chain of bile acid intermediates. Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 [peroxisomal multifunctional 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase/(R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; MFE-2] catalyses the second (hydration) and third (dehydrogenation) reactions of the pathway. Deficiency of MFE-2 leads to accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids, 2-methyl-branched fatty acids and C(27) bile acid intermediates in plasma, but bile acid synthesis is not blocked completely. In this study we describe an alternative pathway, which allows MFE-2 deficiency to be overcome. The alternative pathway consists of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase and peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 1 [peroxisomal multifunctional 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase/(S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; MFE-1]. (24E)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA, the presumed physiological isomer, is hydrated by MFE-1 with the formation of (24S,25S)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA [(24S,25S)-24-OH-THCA-CoA], which after conversion by a alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase into the (24S,25R) isomer can again be dehydrogenated by MFE-1 to 24-keto-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxycholestanoyl-CoA, a physiological intermediate in cholic acid synthesis. The discovery of the alternative pathway of cholesterol side-chain oxidation will improve diagnosis of peroxisomal deficiencies by identification of serum 24-OH-THCA-CoA diastereomer profiles.

| S-EPMC1222534 | biostudies-other

Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Using Urine Sediment Analysis-Based α-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase Score: A Single-Center Experience.

Project description:To evaluate the diagnostic value of α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) score in Han Chinese patients with prostate cancer (PCa) through urine sediment analysis. We collected 292 urine sediment samples after digital rectal examination. Levels of AMACR and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) messenger RNA (mRNAs) were evaluated by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction. The diagnostic value of AMACR score was assessed by receiver-operating characteristic analysis (ROC), Mann-Whitney test, logistic regression analysis and decision curve analysis. In all patients (n = 292), the area under the curve (AUC) for serum PSA, AMACR score, and a combinative model of these 2 parameters were 0.745 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.691-0.794), 0.753 (95% CI: 0.700-0.802), and 0.784 (95% CI: 0.732-0.830). No statistical difference was found between AMACR score and serum PSA (P = .826), while the combinative model was better than AMACR score (Z = 5.222, P < .001). Among patients with serum PSA level of 4 to 10 ng/mL (n = 121), the AMACR score was significantly higher in patients with PCa (P = 0.0002), while serum PSA showed no difference (P = 0.3023). Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase score (AUC = 0.712, 95% CI: 0.623-0.790) and a combinative model (AUC = 0.714, 95% CI: 0.626-0.793) showed a better diagnostic value than serum PSA (AUC = 0.559, 95% CI: 0.466-0.649), (P = .048, P = .042). Decision curve analysis showed a biopsy prediction model including AMACR score have a better net benefit when the threshold probability greater than 20%. The diagnostic model combing serum PSA and AMACR score has a better diagnostic value in patients with abnormal PSA level (including PSA level ranging from 4-10 ng/mL), and could reduce unnecessary prostate biopsy in clinical use.

| S-EPMC6891009 | biostudies-literature

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