Dataset Information

Long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality in the Danish population a nationwide study.

ABSTRACT: Background:Studies have shown higher mortality in association with exposure to air pollution. We investigated this association with focus on differences between socioeconomic groups. Methods:We included all Danes born between 1921 and 1985 aged 30-85 years from 1991 to 2015 (N?=?4,401,348). We applied a nested case-control design and identified those who died during follow-up and selected five controls per case. We modelled NO2, fine particulate matter (PM2·5), black carbon (BC) particles, and ozone (O3) as five-year average concentrations at the residential addresses of 672,895 all natural cause mortality cases and 3,426,533 controls in conditional logistic regression with adjustment for individual and neighbourhood level socio-demographic variables. Findings:In single pollutant models, a 10??g/m3 (BC: 1??g/m3) increase in NO2, PM2·5, BC, and O3 was associated with natural cause mortality rate ratios (MRR) of 1·05 (95% confidence interval 1·04-1·06), 1·08 (1·04-1·13), 1·05 (1·02-1·08), and 0·96 (0·95-0·97), respectively. The patterns were similar for respiratory disease and lung cancer mortality. O3 was associated with higher risk of CVD mortality. The rate differences for a unit increase in PM2·5, NO2, and BC were largest among those with the lowest income; this pattern was not detected when considering the relative risk measure, MRR. Interpretation:Long-term concentration of air pollution at the residence was associated with higher natural cause mortality in the Danish population and the strength of the association differed by socioeconomic group. We recommend that future studies express socioeconomic differences in absolute rather than relative risk.

SUBMITTER: Raaschou-Nielsen O

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7610042 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality in the Danish population a nationwide study.

Raaschou-Nielsen Ole O Thorsteinson Erla E Antonsen Sussie S Holst Gitte J GJ Sigsgaard Torben T Geels Camilla C Frohn Lise M LM Christensen Jesper H JH Brandt Jørgen J Pedersen Carsten B CB Hvidtfeldt Ulla A UA

EClinicalMedicine 20201101

<h4>Background</h4>Studies have shown higher mortality in association with exposure to air pollution. We investigated this association with focus on differences between socioeconomic groups.<h4>Methods</h4>We included all Danes born between 1921 and 1985 aged 30-85 years from 1991 to 2015 (<i>N</i> = 4,401,348). We applied a nested case-control design and identified those who died during follow-up and selected five controls per case. We modelled NO<sub>2</sub>, fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2· ...[more]

PMID: 33163948

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Project description:ObjectiveTo investigate associations between long term residential exposure to road traffic noise and particulate matter with a diameter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) and infertility in men and women.DesignNationwide prospective cohort study.SettingDenmark.Participants526 056 men and 377 850 women aged 30-45 years, with fewer than two children, cohabiting or married, and residing in Denmark between 2000 and 2017.Main outcome measureIncident infertility in men and women during follow-up in the Danish National Patient Register.ResultsInfertility was diagnosed in 16 172 men and 22 672 women during a mean follow-up of 4.3 years and 4.2 years, respectively. Mean exposure to PM2.5 over five years was strongly associated with risk of infertility in men, with hazard ratios of 1.24 (95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.30) among men aged 30-36.9 years and 1.24 (1.15 to 1.33) among men aged 37-45 years for each interquartile (2.9 µg/m3) higher PM2.5 after adjustment for sociodemographic variables and road traffic noise. PM2.5 was not associated with infertility in women. Road traffic noise (Lden, most exposed facade of residence) was associated with a higher risk of infertility among women aged 35-45 years, with a hazard ratio of 1.14 (1.10 to 1.18) for each interquartile (10.2 dB) higher five year mean exposure. Noise was not associated with infertility among younger women (30-34.9 years). In men, road traffic noise was associated with higher risk of infertility in the 37-45 age group (1.06, 1.02 to 1.11), but not among those aged 30-36.9 years (0.93, 0.91 to 0.96).ConclusionsPM2.5 was associated with a higher risk of an infertility diagnosis in men, whereas road traffic noise was associated with a higher risk of an infertility diagnosis in women older than 35 years, and potentially in men older than 37 years. If these results are confirmed in future studies, higher fertility could be added to the list of health benefits from regulating noise and air pollution.

Project description:BackgroundAir pollution exposure has been linked to coronary heart disease, although evidence on PM2.5 and myocardial infarction (MI) incidence is mixed.ObjectivesThis prospective cohort study aimed to investigate associations between long-term exposure to air pollution and MI incidence, adjusting for road traffic noise.MethodsWe used data from the nationwide Danish Nurse Cohort on 22,882 female nurses (>44?years of age) who, at recruitment in 1993 or 1999, reported information on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Data on MI incidence was collected from the Danish National Patient Register until the end of 2014. Annual mean concentrations of particulate matter (PM) with a diameter <2.5??g/m3 (PM2.5), PM10, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at the nurses' residences since 1990 (PM10 and PM2.5) or 1970 (NO2 and NOx) were estimated using the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model/Urban Background Model/AirGIS (DEHM/UBM/AirGIS) dispersion model. We used time-varying Cox regression models to examine the association between 1- and 3-y running means of these pollutants, as well as 23-y running means of NO2 and NOx, with both overall and fatal incident MI. Associations were explored in three progressively adjusted models: Model 1, adjusted for age and baseline year; Model 2, with further adjustment for potential confounding by lifestyle and cardiovascular disease risk factors; and Model 3, with further adjustment for road traffic noise, modeled as the annual mean of a weighted 24-h average (Lden).ResultsOf the 22,882 women, 641 developed MI during a mean follow-up of 18.6 y, 121 (18.9%) of which were fatal. Reported hazard ratios (HRs) were based on interquartile range increases of 5.3, 5.5, 8.1, and 11.5??g/m3 for PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and NOx, respectively. In Model 1, we observed a positive association between a 3-y running mean of PM2.5 and an overall incident MI with an HR=?1.20 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.35), which attenuated to HR=?1.06 (95% CI: 0.92, 1.23) in Model 2. In Model 1 for incident fatal MI, we observed a strong association with a 3-y running mean of PM2.5, with an HR=?1.69 (95% CI: 1.33, 2.13), which attenuated to HR=?1.35 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.81) in Model 2. Similar associations were seen for PM10, with 3-y, Model 2 estimates for overall and fatal incident MI of HR=?1.06 (95% CI: 0.91, 1.23) and HR=?1.35 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.81), respectively. No evidence of an association was observed for NO2 or NOx. For all pollutants, associations in Model 2 were robust to further adjustment for road traffic noise in Model 3 and were similar for a 1-y running mean exposure.ConclusionsWe found no association between long-term exposure to PM2.5, PM10, NO2, or NOx and overall MI incidence, but we observed positive associations for PM2.5 and PM10 with fatal MI. We present novel findings that the association between PM and MI incidence is robust to adjustment for road traffic noise. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5818.

Dataset Information

Long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality in the Danish population a nationwide study.

Publications

Long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality in the Danish population a nationwide study.

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