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Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans.

ABSTRACT: Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in most infected individuals 10-15 d after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. However, due to the recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population, it is not known how long antibody responses will be maintained or whether they will provide protection from reinfection. Using sequential serum samples collected up to 94 d post onset of symptoms (POS) from 65 individuals with real-time quantitative PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, we show seroconversion (immunoglobulin (Ig)M, IgA, IgG) in >95% of cases and neutralizing antibody responses when sampled beyond 8 d POS. We show that the kinetics of the neutralizing antibody response is typical of an acute viral infection, with declining neutralizing antibody titres observed after an initial peak, and that the magnitude of this peak is dependent on disease severity. Although some individuals with high peak infective dose (ID₅₀ > 10,000) maintained neutralizing antibody titres >1,000 at >60 d POS, some with lower peak ID₅₀ had neutralizing antibody titres approaching baseline within the follow-up period. A similar decline in neutralizing antibody titres was observed in a cohort of 31 seropositive healthcare workers. The present study has important implications when considering widespread serological testing and antibody protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2, and may suggest that vaccine boosters are required to provide long-lasting protection.

SUBMITTER: Seow J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7610833 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundNon-neutralizing antibodies inducing complement-dependent lysis (CDL) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity may contribute to protection against influenza infection. We investigated CDL and ADCC responses in healthy adults randomized to receive either non-adjuvanted or AS03-adjuvanted monovalent A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine (containing 15 µg/3.75 ?g of hemagglutinin, respectively) on a 2-dose schedule 21 days apart.MethodsWe conducted an exploratory analysis of a subset of 106 subjects having no prior history of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection or seasonal influenza vaccination enrolled in a previously reported study (NCT00985673). Antibody responses against the homologous A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) vaccine strain and a related A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) seasonal influenza strain were analyzed up to Day 42.ResultsBaseline seropositivity determined with hemagglutination inhibition (HI), CDL and ADCC antibody titers against viral strains was high; A/California/7/2009 (HI [40.4-48.1%]; CDL [34.6-36.0%]; ADCC [92.1-92.3%]); A/Brisbane/59/2007 (HI [73.1-88.9%]; CDL [38.0-42.0%]; ADCC [86.8-97.0%]). CDL seropositivity increased following vaccination with both adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted formulations (A/California/7/2009 [95.9-100%]; A/Brisbane/59/2007 [75.5-79.6%]). At Day 21, increases in CDL and ADCC antibody geometric mean titers against both strains were observed for both formulations. After 2 doses of AS03-adjuvanted vaccine, vaccine responses of 95.8% (?9-fold increase from baseline in CDL titers) and 34.3% (?16-fold increase from baseline in ADCC titers) were seen against A/California/7/2009; and 22.4% and 42.9%, respectively, against A/Brisbane/59/2007. Vaccine responses after 2 doses of the non-adjuvanted vaccine were broadly similar.ConclusionsBroadly comparable non-neutralizing immune responses were observed following vaccination with non-adjuvanted and AS03-adjuvanted A(H1N1)pdm09 formulations; including activity against a related vaccine strain.

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Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans.

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