Immunomodulatory Low-Dose Whole-Lung Radiation for Patients with COVID-19-Related Pneumonia.
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SUBMITTER: Hess CB
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7671923 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Immunomodulatory Low-Dose Whole-Lung Radiation for Patients with COVID-19-Related Pneumonia.
Hess C B CB Buchwald Z S ZS Stokes W A WA Nasti T T Switchenko J J Weinberg B D BD Rouphael N N Steinberg J P JP Godette K D KD Murphy D J DJ Ahmed R R Curran W J WJ Khan M K MK
International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 20201118 5
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Project description:PurposePhase 1 clinical trials have established low-dose, whole-lung radiation therapy (LD-RT) as safe for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related pneumonia. By focally dampening cytokine hyperactivation, LD-RT may improve disease outcomes through immunomodulation.Methods and materialsPatients with COVID-19-related pneumonia were treated with 1.5 Gy whole-lung LD-RT, followed for 28 days or until hospital discharge, and compared with age- and comorbidity-matched controls meeting identical disease severity criteria. Eligible patients were hospitalized, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) positive, had radiographic consolidations, and required supplemental oxygen but had not rapidly declined on admission or before drug therapy or LD-RT. Efficacy endpoints were time to clinical recovery, radiographic improvement, and biomarker response.ResultsTen patients received whole-lung LD-RT between April 24 and May 24, 2020 and were compared with 10 control patients blindly matched by age and comorbidity. Six controls received COVID-19 drug therapies. Median time to clinical recovery was 12 days in the control cohort compared with 3 days in the LD-RT cohort (hazard ratio 2.9, P = .05). Median time to hospital discharge (20 vs 12 days, P = .19) and intubation rates (40% vs 10%, P = .12) in the control and LD-RT cohorts were compared. Median time from admission to recovery was 10 versus 13 days (P = .13). Hospital duration average was 19 versus 22.6 days (P = .53). Average hospital days on supplemental oxygen of any duration was 13.1 versus 14.7 days (P = .69). Average days with a documented fever was 1 versus 4.3 days (P = .12). Twenty-eight-day overall survival was 90% for both cohorts. The LD-RT cohort trended toward superior rates of improved radiographs (P = .12) and delirium (P < .01). Statistically significant reductions were observed in numerous hematologic, cardiac, hepatic, and inflammatory markers.ConclusionsA prospective cohort of predominantly elderly hospitalized patients with COVID-19-related pneumonia were recovered to room air quicker than age- and comorbidity-matched controls, with trending or significant improvements in delirium, radiographs, and biomarkers, and no significant acute toxicity. Low-dose, whole-lung radiation for patients with COVID-19-related pneumonia appears safe and may be an effective immunomodulatory treatment. Larger prospective randomized trials are needed to define the efficacy of LD-RT for COVID-19.
| S-EPMC7832642 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeThe COVID-19 outbreak is affecting people worldwide. Many infected patients have respiratory involvement that may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of low-dose whole-lung radiation therapy in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.Methods and materialsIn this clinical trial, conducted in Iran, we enrolled patients with COVID-19 who were older than 60 years and hospitalized to receive supplementary oxygen for their documented pneumonia. Participants were treated with whole-lung irradiation in a single fraction of 0.5 Gy plus the national protocol for the management of COVID-19. Vital signs (including blood oxygenation and body temperature) and laboratory findings (interleukin-6 and C-reactive peptide) were recorded before and after irradiation.ResultsBetween May 21, 2020 and June 24, 2020, 5 patients received whole-lung irradiation. They were followed for 5 to 7 days to evaluate the response to treatment and toxicities. The clinical and paraclinical findings of 4 of the 5 patients (patient 4 worsened and died on day 3) improved on the first day of irradiation. Patient 3 opted out of the trial on the third day after irradiation. The mean time to discharge was 6 days for the other 3 patients. No acute radiation-induced toxicity was recorded.ConclusionsWith a response rate of 80%, whole-lung irradiation in a single fraction of 0.5 Gy had encouraging results in oxygen-dependent patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.
| S-EPMC7373065 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundIndividuals of advanced age with comorbidities face a higher risk of death from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), especially once they are ventilator-dependent. Respiratory decline in patients with COVID-19 is precipitated by a lung-mediated aberrant immune cytokine storm. Low-dose lung radiation was used to treat pneumonia in the pre-antibiotic era. Radiation immunomodulatory effects may improve outcomes for select patients with COVID-19.MethodsA single-institution trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of single-fraction, low-dose whole-lung radiation for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia is being performed for the first time. This report describes outcomes of a planned day 7 interim analysis. Eligible patients were hospitalized, had radiographic consolidation, required supplemental oxygen, and were clinically deteriorating.ResultsOf 9 patients screened, 5 were treated with whole-lung radiation on April 24 until April 28 2020, and they were followed for a minimum of 7 days. The median age was 90 years (range, 64-94 years), and 4 were nursing home residents with multiple comorbidities. Within 24 hours of radiation, 3 patients (60%) were weaned from supplemental oxygen to ambient air, 4 (80%) exhibited radiographic improvement, and the median Glasgow Coma Scale score improved from 10 to 14. A fourth patient (80% overall recovery) was weaned from oxygen at hour 96. The mean time to clinical recovery was 35 hours. There were no acute toxicities.ConclusionsIn a pilot trial of 5 oxygen-dependent elderly patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, low-dose whole-lung radiation led to rapid improvements in clinical status, encephalopathy, and radiographic consolidation without acute toxicity. Low-dose whole-lung radiation appears to be safe, shows early promise of efficacy, and warrants further study.Lay summaryResearchers at Emory University report preliminary safety outcomes for patients treated with low-dose lung irradiation for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Five residents of nursing or group homes were hospitalized after testing positive for COVID-19. Each had pneumonia visible on a chest x-ray, required supplemental oxygen, and experienced a clinical decline in mental status or in work of breathing or a prolonged or escalating supplemental oxygen requirement. A single treatment of low-dose (1.5-Gy) radiation to both lungs was delivered over the course of 10 to 15 minutes. There was no acute toxicity attributable to radiation therapy. Within 24 hours, 4 patients had rapidly improved breathing, and they recovered to room air at an average of 1.5 days (range, 3-96 hours). Three were discharged at a mean time of 12 days, and 1 was preparing for discharge. Blood tests and repeat imaging confirm that low-dose whole-lung radiation treatment appears safe for COVID-19 pneumonia. Further trials are warranted.
| S-EPMC7748390 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundLow-dose radiotherapy (LD-RT) has produced anti-inflammatory effects in both animal models and early human trials of COVID-19-related pneumonia. The role of whole-lung LD-RT within existing treatment paradigms merits further study.MethodsA phase II prospective trial studied the addition of LD-RT to standard drug treatments. Hospitalized and oxygen-dependent patients receiving dexamethasone and/or remdesevir were treated with 1.5 Gy whole-lung LD-RT and compared to a blindly-matched contemporaneous control cohort.ResultsOf 40 patients evaluated, 20 received drug therapy combined with whole-lung LD-RT and 20 without LD-RT. Intubation rates were 14% with LD-RT compared to 32% without (p = 0.09). Intubation-free survival was 77% vs. 68% (p = 0.17). Biomarkers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, p = 0.02) and cardiac injury (creatine kinase, p < 0.01) declined following LD-RT compared to controls. Mean time febrile was 1.4 vs 3.3 days, respectively (p = 0.14). Significant differences in clinical recovery (7.5 vs. 7 days, p = 0.37) and radiographic improvement (p = 0.72) were not detected. On subset analysis, CRP decline following LD-RT was predictive of recovery without intubation compared to controls (0% vs. 31%, p = 0.04), freedom from prolonged hospitalizations (21+ days) (0% vs. 31%, p = 0.04), and decline in oxygenation burden (56% reduction, p = 0.06). CRP decline following 1st drug therapy was not similarly predictive of outcome in controls (p = 0.36).ConclusionsAdding LD-RT to standard drug treatments reduced biomarkers of inflammation and cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients and may have reduced intubation. Durable CRP decline following LD-RT predicted especially favorable recovery, freedom from intubation, reduction in prolonged hospitalization, and reduced oxygenation burden. A confirmatory randomized trial is now ongoing.Clinical trial registrationNCT04366791.
| S-EPMC8511870 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionRadiation therapy (RT), commonly used in cancer management, has been considered as one of the potential treatments for COVID-19 pneumonia. Here, we present the results of the pilot trial evaluating low-dose whole-lung irradiation (LD-WLI) in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.MethodsTen patients with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia were treated with LD-WLI in a single fraction of 0.5 or 1.0 Gy along with the national protocol. The primary endpoint was an improvement in Spo2. The secondary endpoints were the number of days of hospital/intensive care unit stay, the number of intubations after RT, 28-day mortality, and changes in biomarkers. The response rate (RR) was defined as an increase in Spo2 upon RT with a rising or constant trend in the next 2 days, clinical recovery (CR) including patients who were discharged or acquired Spo2 ≥93% on room air, and 28-day mortality rate defined based on days of RT.ResultsThe median age was 75 years (80% male). Five, 1, and 4 patients received single-dose 0.5 Gy, two-dose 0.5 Gy, and single-dose 1.0 Gy LD-WLI, respectively. The mean improvement in Spo2 at days 1 and 2 after RT was 2.4% (±4.8%) and 3.6% (±6.1%), respectively, with improvement in 9 patients after 1 day. Five, 1, and 4 patients were discharged, opted out of the trial, and died in the hospital, respectively. Two of 5 discharged patients died within 3 days at home. Among discharged patients, the Spo2 at discharge was 81% to 88% in 3 patients and 93% in the other 2 patients. Overall, the RR and CR were 63.6% and 55.5%, respectively. The RR, CR, and 28-day mortality of the single 0.5 Gy and 1.0 Gy WLI groups were 71.4% versus 50% (P = .57), 60% versus 50% (P = .64), and 50% versus 75% (P = .57), respectively.ConclusionLD-WLI with a single fraction of 0.5 Gy or 1 Gy is feasible. A randomized trial with patients who do not receive radiation is required to assess the efficacy of LD-WLI for COVID-19.
| S-EPMC7709599 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesThe World Health Organization (WHO) has declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as pandemic in March 2020. Currently there is no specific effective treatment for COVID-19. The major cause of death in COVID-19 is severe pneumonia leading to respiratory failure. Radiation in low doses (<100 cGy) has been known for its anti-inflammatory effect and therefore, low dose radiation therapy (LDRT) to lungs can potentially mitigate the severity of pneumonia and reduce mortality. We conducted a pilot trial to study the feasibility and clinical efficacy of LDRT to lungs in the management of patients with COVID-19.MethodsFrom June to Aug 2020, we enrolled 10 patients with COVID-19 having moderate to severe risk disease [National Early Warning Score (NEWS) of ≥5]. Patients were treated as per the standard COVID-19 management guidelines along with LDRT to both lungs with a dose of 70cGy in single fraction. Response assessment was done based on the clinical parameters using the NEWS.ResultsAll patients completed the prescribed treatment. Nine patients had complete clinical recovery mostly within a period ranging from 3 to 7 days. One patient, who was a known hypertensive, showed clinical deterioration and died 24 days after LDRT. No patients showed the signs of acute radiation toxicity.ConclusionThe results of our pilot study suggest that LDRT is feasible in COVID-19 patients having moderate to severe disease. Its clinical efficacy may be tested by conducting randomized controlled trials.Advances in knowledgeLDRT has shown promising results in COVID-19 pneumonia and should be researched further through randomized controlled trials.
| S-EPMC9328067 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Purpose/Objective(s) The mortality of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) has been associated with a pulmonary inflammatory response resulting in hypoxemia and rapid clinical decline. Recent work has indicated a potential therapeutic window for treatment to prevent ventilator-dependence thereby reducing mortality. PREVENT is an ongoing prospective multicenter Phase II randomized controlled trial where patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia are randomized to ultra-low dose radiation therapy (RT) versus control. This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04466683. The following is a description of the inpatient onboarding process of the center contributing the largest number of patients to this trial. Materials/Methods COVID-19 hospital admissions from the previous day were attained by the clinical research manager each morning, screened for eligibility, and then sent to the designated radiation oncologist who further delineated from this list. Common exclusion criteria were: 1. Oxygen saturation > 96% on room air, 2. Age < 50, 3. > 9 days from initial COVID-19 symptomatology. From this list, HIPAA-compliant text message contact was made with infectious disease, critical care, and nursing staff with reciprocal discussion of the trial protocol and approval for consulting the patient. Subsequently, a virtual consult was made with the patient, with witnessed informed consent obtained via telephone and in person by our research associate. Patients randomized to RT were treated within 24 hours of consent. Simulation and treatment were performed on a linear accelerator with one personal protective equipment-protected therapist moving in and out of the treatment room, and a second therapist manning the console. On-site dose calculation was performed by physics, after which the radiation oncologist approved the fields prior to treatment delivery. Simulation and treatment were performed without a computer plan; therapists underwent several practice sessions prior to treating patients on trial. Results Between August 28, 2020 and October 6, 2020, the first 10 enrolled patients on this multicenter trial were randomized and treated at our institution; no research staff member nor radiation oncology clinical team member contracted COVID-19 while employing this protocol. Conclusion This represents the first published protocol to address efficient and safe recruitment of COVID-19 patients for a radiation oncology trial. Despite the procedural hurdles of conducting a trial in the midst of a pandemic, the combination of recruitment efficiency (> 2 patients/week) and safety to the research and clinical teams (no COVID-19 infections) of this protocol has allowed for the PREVENT trial to make substantial progress in meeting recruitment goals (n = 100). This onboarding process serves as a model in conducting recruitment of COVID-19 patients for clinical trials, and is worthy of emulation at additional centers.
| S-EPMC8536240 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe mortality of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) has been associated with a pulmonary inflammatory response resulting in hypoxemia and rapid clinical decline. PREVENT is an ongoing prospective multicenter Phase II randomized controlled trial where patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia are randomized to low dose radiation therapy (RT) versus control (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04466683). We describe the inpatient onboarding process of the center contributing the largest number of patients to this trial.Materials and methodsCOVID-19 hospital admissions were attained by the clinical research manager and radiation oncologist daily. Text message contact was made with infectious disease, critical care, and nursing staff with reciprocal discussion of the trial protocol and approval for virtual consulting of the patient. Witnessed informed consent was obtained first by telephone and later in person. Simulation and treatment (performed without a computer plan) was performed on a linear accelerator with one personal protective equipment-protected therapist moving in and out of the treatment room, and a second therapist manning the console. Following on-site dose calculation by physics, the radiation oncologist approved the fields prior to treatment delivery.ResultsBetween August 28, 2020 and October 6, 2020, the first 10 enrolled patients on this multicenter trial were randomized and treated at our institution; no team member (research staff, radiation oncology) contracted COVID-19 while employing this protocol.ConclusionThis represents the first published protocol to address efficient and safe recruitment of COVID-19 patients for a radiation oncology trial, serving as a model for conducting recruitment of COVID-19 patients for clinical trials.
| S-EPMC8726436 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study aimed to establish an efficient planning technique for low dose whole lung treatment that can be implemented rapidly and safely. The treatment technique developed here relied only on chest radiograph and a simple empirical monitor unit calculation formula. The 3D dose calculation in real patient anatomy, including both nonCOVID and COVID-19 patients, which took into account tissue heterogeneity showed that the dose delivered to lungs had reasonable uniformity even with this simple and quick setup.
| S-EPMC7550039 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeStudies dating back to a century ago have reported using low-dose radiation therapy for the treatment of viral and bacterial pneumonia. In the modern era, since the COVID-19 pandemic began, several groups worldwide have researched the applicability of whole lung irradiation (WLI) for the treatment of COVID-19. We aimed to bring together the results of these experimental studies.Methods and materialsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis searching PubMed and Scopus databases for clinical trials incorporating WLI for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Required data were extracted from each study. Using the random-effects model, the overall pooled day 28 survival rate, survival hazard ratio, and intubation-free days within 15 days after WLI were calculated, and forest plots were produced.ResultsTen studies were identified, and eventually, 5 were included for meta-analysis. The overall survival hazard ratio was calculated to be 0.85 (0.46-1.57). The pooled mean difference of intubation-free days within 15 days after WLI was 1.87, favoring the WLI group (95% confidence interval, -0.02 to 3.76). The overall day 28 survival rate of patients receiving WLI for the 9 studies with adequate follow-up data was 74% (95% confidence interval, 61-87). Except for 2 studies, the other 8 studies were assessed to have moderate to high risk of bias, and there were many differences among the designs of the studies, included patients, primary endpoints, outcome measurement methods, and reporting of the results.ConclusionsDespite a mild improvement in intubation-free days, WLI had no significant effect on patients' overall survival. Currently, we cannot recommend routine use of WLI for the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19.
| S-EPMC9077801 | biostudies-literature