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Increased prevalence of hypertension in Ghana: New 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Hypertension Association hypertension guidelines application.

ABSTRACT: Background: We estimated the prevalence and socio-demographic risk factors of hypertension among Ghanaian adults as per the Joint National Committee 7 and the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Hypertension Association hypertension thresholds used for diagnosis and treatment.

Methods: This cross-sectional analysis included 12?151 adults (8295 females and 3856 males) aged 18 years or older who participated in the 2014 Ghana Demographic and health Survey. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to obtain risk factors associated with hypertension as per both guidelines.

Results: Overall, 30.43% (n?=?3698) and 11.48% (n?=?1395) respondents had hypertension as per the 2017 ACC/AHA and JNC7 guidelines, respectively. The following factors were significant according to the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline: 55-64 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)?=?6.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.70-8.77), 45-54 years (aOR?=?5.72, 95% CI?=?4.70-6.85), 3544 years (aOR?=?3.91, 95% CI?=?3.33-4.59), and 25-34 years (aOR?=?2.05, 95% CI?=?1.77-2.37) age groups. Males (aOR?=?1.39, 95% CI?=?1.23-1.53), and urban residents (aOR?=?1.18, 95% CI?=?1.05-1.38). All the above risk factors were significant according to the JNC7 guideline too. Factors positively associated with only the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline included: middle income (aOR?=?1.20, 95% CI?=?1.02-1.42) and richest (aOR?=?1.36, 95% CI?=?1.10-1.69) wealth quintiles, whereas manual (aOR?=?1.37, 95% CI?=?1.02-1.86) was positively associated with the JNC7 guidelines only.

Conclusions: We conclude that adopting the ACC/AHA guidelines would lead to a substantial increase in the prevalence of hypertension among Ghanaian adults, thus, hypertension prevention and control should be prioritized.

SUBMITTER: Opoku S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7688293 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Increased prevalence of hypertension in Ghana: New 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Hypertension Association hypertension guidelines application.

Opoku Sampson S Addo-Yobo Emmanuel E Trofimovitch Diana D Opoku Rebekah Bless RB Lasong Joseph J Gan Yong Y Lu Zuxun Z

Journal of global health 20201201 2

<h4>Background</h4>We estimated the prevalence and socio-demographic risk factors of hypertension among Ghanaian adults as per the Joint National Committee 7 and the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Hypertension Association hypertension thresholds used for diagnosis and treatment.<h4>Methods</h4>This cross-sectional analysis included 12 151 adults (8295 females and 3856 males) aged 18 years or older who participated in the 2014 Ghana Demographic and health Survey. Multiple logistic r ...[more]

PMID: 33282222

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Project description:ImportanceThe 2017 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) blood pressure (BP) guidelines redefined hypertension using a BP threshold of 130/80 mm Hg or greater and applied a treatment target of less than 130/80 mm Hg.ObjectiveTo evaluate the potential change in the diagnosis, treatment, and control of hypertension in a Canadian cohort of patients with hypertension attending primary care practices using the ACC/AHA guidelines.Design, setting, and participantsThis cross-sectional study used primary care practices across Canada electronic medical record data from the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network, extracted as of June 30, 2015. Adults with at least 1 primary care encounter in the previous 2 years (July 1, 2013, to June 30, 2015) were included in the study. Those with current hypertension were identified using a validated definition consisting of diagnoses, billing codes, and/or antihypertensive medication from within the primary care electronic medical record. Data analysis was conducted from December 2017 to July 2018.Main outcomes and measuresProportion of individuals with a diagnosis of hypertension, prescribed antihypertensive medication, and meeting treatment BP targets.ResultsOf the 594 492 Canadian participants included in the study, 144 348 (24.2%) had hypertension (45.6% male; mean [SD] age, 65.5 [14.5] years). On applying the ACC/AHA guidelines, 252 279 individuals (42.4%) were considered hypertensive and half (51.0%; 95% CI, 50.8%-51.2%) were prescribed an antihypertensive medication. Individuals who were not previously considered to have hypertension but were reclassified as having elevated BP using the lower cutoff of 130/80 mm Hg or greater tended to be younger and were at lower cardiovascular risk. There was a shift toward more individuals requiring antihypertensive treatment, particularly in the lower-risk categories. The crude prevalence of hypertension increased from 13.3% to 32.0% in those aged 18 to 64 years, and of those aged 65 years and older, 16.6% more individuals were reclassified as having hypertension (from 55.2% to 71.8%). Only 12.3% of those who were considered at high risk were reclassified as hypertensive.Conclusions and relevanceAdoption of the ACC/AHA BP guidelines would result in a near doubling in the prevalence of hypertension in Canada. The changes would largely affect individuals who are younger and at low to moderate cardiovascular risk.

Project description:ImportanceHypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. The impact of applying recent guideline definitions for nonpregnant adults to pregnant women is unclear.ObjectiveTo determine whether reclassification of hypertensive status using the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline definition better identifies women at risk for preeclampsia or eclampsia and adverse fetal/neonatal events compared with the current American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) definition of hypertension.Design, setting, and participantsThis cohort study used electronic medical record data of women who delivered singleton infants between 2009 and 2014 at a large US regional health system. Data analysis was performed from July 2020 to September 2020.ExposureApplication of ACC/AHA and ACOG guidelines for the definition of chronic and gestational hypertension.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary maternal end point was the development of preeclampsia or eclampsia, and the primary fetal/neonatal end point was a composite of preterm birth, small for gestational age, and neonatal intensive care unit admission within 28 days of delivery. Net reclassification indices were calculated to examine how well the lower ACC/AHA diagnostic threshold reclassifies outcomes of pregnancy compared with the current ACOG definition of hypertension.ResultsApplying the ACC/AHA criteria to 137 389 pregnancies of women (mean [SD] age at time of delivery, 30.1 [5.8] years) resulted in a 14.3% prevalence of chronic hypertension (19 621 pregnancies) and a 13.8% prevalence of gestational hypertension (18 998 pregnancies). A 17.8% absolute increase was found in the overall prevalence of hypertension from 10.3% to 28.1%. The 2.1% of women who were reclassified with chronic rather than gestational hypertension had the highest risk of developing preeclampsia compared with women without hypertension by either criterion (adjusted risk ratio, 13.58; 95% CI, 12.49-14.77). Overall, the use of the ACC/AHA criteria to diagnose hypertension resulted in a 20.8% improvement in the appropriate identification of future preeclampsia, but only a 3.8% improvement of appropriate fetal/neonatal risk classification.Conclusions and relevanceUsing the lower diagnostic threshold for hypertension recommended in the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline increased the prevalence of chronic and gestational hypertension, markedly improved the appropriate identification of women who would go on to develop preeclampsia, and was associated with the identification of adverse fetal/neonatal risk.

Project description:The 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults recommends reduced systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) cutoffs to define hypertension (i.e., by changing these from ?140/90 to ?130/80?mmHg), including new recommendations about indications and goals of antihypertensive treatment. This study reported the differences in age-adjusted prevalence and treatment status of hypertension according to race among US adults per the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-16 data was analyzed. The main outcomes were age-adjusted prevalence and treatment status of hypertension among adults aged ?20?years. After prevalence estimation, other proportions were obtained. The analysis included 16,103 adults (mean age: 47.6?years, 51.8% women). The age-adjusted proportions of adults with hypertension (59.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 57.4%-60.6%), treatment-eligible for hypertension (49.3%, 95% CI: 47.7%-50.8%), and unmet treatment goals (63.8%, 95% CI: 60.0%-67.5%) among the treated were highest among non-Hispanic blacks. A large proportion of Mexican-Americans (46.5%, 95% CI: 42.0%-51.0%) and people of other races/ethnicities (49.3%, 95% CI: 45.5%-53.0%) were not receiving treatment despite having indication. Non-Hispanic blacks also had the highest prevalence of stage 2 hypertension. Among all races, prevalence, treatment-eligibility, and unmet treatment goals were higher among people with older age, male gender, diabetes, higher body weight, and higher cardiovascular disease risk while the majority of younger, lower/normal body weight, or non-diabetic people were untreated despite being eligible for treatment. The prevalence, treatment-eligibility, and unmet goals were substantially higher among non-Hispanic blacks. Moreover, disparities exist in treatment where Mexican-Americans and people of 'other races/ethnicities' were largely untreated despite having indication.

Project description:BackgroundThe significance of high systolic and diastolic blood pressure remains controversial. We assessed the differences in prevalence of hypertension and its subtypes according to the different hypertension diagnostic criteria embodied by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (2017 ACC/AHA) and 2018 Korean Society of Hypertension (2018 KSH) guidelines.MethodsWe used the 2007-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data to calculate guideline-specific hypertension prevalence among untreated, adult participants. By the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline, a mean SBP ≥130 mmHg, DBP ≥80 mmHg, or currently using antihypertensive medications were considered to have hypertension. Isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH) was defined as DBP ≥80 mmHg and SBP <130 mmHg, isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) as SBP ≥130 mmHg and DBP <80 mmHg, and systolic diastolic hypertension (SDH) as SBP ≥130 mmHg and DBP ≥80 mmHg. In a similar manner, by the 2018 KSH guideline, all hypertension and its subtype prevalence were calculated using the 140/90 mmHg cutoff. The two versions of all hypertension and its corresponding subtype prevalence were calculated among all study participants and separately by sex and age then compared via analysis of variance.ResultsThe prevalence of all hypertension increased from 25.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 25.4-26.5) defined by the 2018 KSH guideline to 46.3% (95% CI 45.6-46.9) classified by the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline. Such increase was primarily manifested through substantial increase in IDH prevalence, from 5.2% (95% CI 4.9-5.4) defined by the 2018 KSH guideline to 17.9% (95% CI 17.4-18.3) defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline, and was most notably observed in young age groups, 30-49 years. ISH prevalence showed minimal differences. SDH prevalence moderately increased from 3.5% (95% CI 3.3-3.7) defined by the 2018 KSH guideline to 11.1% (95% CI 10.7-11.4) defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline, achieved primarily among participants aged 50 years or above.ConclusionsChanges in each subtype prevalence made differential contribution to additionally classified hypertension cases by the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline. Future studies should investigate the diastolic-associated cardiovascular risks and benefits of its long-term primary prevention in the young population.

Project description:ObjectivesThe AHA/ACC-2017 hypertension guideline recommends an age-independent target blood pressure (BP) of less than 130/80 mmHg. In an elderly cohort without established cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline, we determined the impact of this guideline on the prevalence of hypertension and associated CVD risk.MethodsNineteen thousand, one hundred and fourteen participants aged at least 65 years from the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) study were grouped by baseline BP: 'pre-2017 hypertensive' (BP ≥140/90 mmHg and/or on antihypertensive drugs); 'reclassified hypertensive' (normotensive by pre-2017 guidelines; hypertensive by AHA/ACC-2017 guideline), and 'normotensive' (BP <130 and <80 mmHg). For each group, we evaluated CVD risk factors, predicted 10-year CVD risk using the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) risk equation, and reported observed CVD event rates during a median 4.7-year follow-up.ResultsOverall, 74.4% (14 213/19 114) were 'pre-2017 hypertensive'; an additional 12.3% (2354/19 114) were 'reclassified hypertensive' by the AHA/ACC-2017 guideline. Of those 'reclassified hypertensive', the majority (94.5%) met criteria for antihypertensive treatment although 29% had no other traditional CVD risk factors other than age. Further, a relatively lower mean 10-year predicted CVD risk (18% versus 26%, P < 0.001) and lower CVD rates (8.9 versus 12.1/1000 person-years, P = 0.01) were observed in 'reclassified hypertensive' compared with 'pre-2017 hypertensive'. Compared with 'normotensive', a hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for CVD events of 1.60 (1.26-2.02) for 'pre-2017 hypertensive' and 1.26 (0.93-1.71) for 'reclassified hypertensive' was observed.ConclusionApplying current CVD risk calculators in the elderly 'reclassified hypertensive', as a result of shifting the BP threshold lower, increases eligibility for antihypertensive treatment but documented CVD rates remain lower than hypertensive patients defined by pre2017 BP thresholds.

Project description:Background Impaired endothelial function is thought to contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk associated with above-normal blood pressure (BP). However, the association between endothelial function and BP classified by 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines is unknown. Our objective was to determine if endothelial function decreases in midlife/older adults across the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines BP classifications and identify associated mechanisms of action. Methods and Results A retrospective analysis of endothelial function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilation) from 988 midlife/older adults (aged 50+ years) stratified by BP status (normal BP; elevated BP; stage 1 hypertension; stage 2 hypertension) was performed. Endothelium-independent dilation (sublingual nitroglycerin), reactive oxygen species-mediated suppression of endothelial function (∆brachial artery flow-mediated dilation with vitamin C infusion), and endothelial cell and plasma markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were assessed in subgroups. Compared with normal BP (n=411), brachial artery flow-mediated dilation was 12% (P=0.04), 15% (P<0.01) and 20% (P<0.01) lower with elevated BP (n=173), stage 1 hypertension (n=248) and stage 2 hypertension (n=156), respectively, whereas endothelium-independent dilation did not differ (P=0.14). Vitamin C infusion increased brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in those with above-normal BP (P≤0.02) but not normal BP (P=0.11). Endothelial cell p47phox (P<0.01), a marker of superoxide/reactive oxygen species-generating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, and circulating interleukin-6 concentrations (P=0.01) were higher in individuals with above-normal BP. Conclusions Vascular endothelial function is progressively impaired with increasing BP in otherwise healthy adults classified by 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines. Impaired endothelial function with above-normal BP is mediated by excessive reactive oxygen species signaling associated with increased endothelial expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and circulating interleukin-6.

Dataset Information

Increased prevalence of hypertension in Ghana: New 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Hypertension Association hypertension guidelines application.

Publications

Increased prevalence of hypertension in Ghana: New 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Hypertension Association hypertension guidelines application.

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