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Direct and Bicarbonate-Induced Iron Deficiency Differently Affect Iron Translocation in Kiwifruit Roots.

ABSTRACT: Bicarbonate-induced iron (Fe) deficiency (+Bic) is frequently observed in kiwifruit orchards, but more research attention has been paid to direct Fe deficiency (-Fe) in plants, including kiwifruit. Here we compared the differences of kiwifruit plants between -Fe and +Bic in: (1) the traits of ⁵⁷Fe uptake and translocation within plants, (2) Fe forms in roots, and (3) some acidic ions and metabolites in roots. The concentration of ⁵⁷Fe derived from nutrient solution (⁵⁷Fedfs) in roots was less reduced in +Bic than -Fe treatment, despite similar decrease in shoots of both treatments. +Bic treatment increased ⁵⁷Fedfs distribution in fine roots but decreased it in new leaves and stem, thereby displaying the inhibition of ⁵⁷Fedfs translocation from roots to shoots and from fine roots to xylem of coarse roots. Moreover, +Bic imposition induced the accumulation of water-soluble Fe and apoplastic Fe in roots. However, the opposite was observed in -Fe-treated plants. Additionally, the cell wall Fe and hemicellulose Fe in roots were less reduced by +Bic than -Fe treatment. +Bic treatment also triggered the reduction in H⁺ extrusion and the accumulation of NH₄⁺, succinic acid, and some amino acids in roots. These results suggest that, contrary to -Fe, +Bic treatment inhibits Fe translocation to shoots by accumulating water-soluble and apoplastic Fe and slowing down the release of hemicellulose Fe in the cell wall in kiwifruit roots, which may be related to the decreased H⁺ extrusion and the imbalance between C and N metabolisms.

SUBMITTER: Wang N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7696116 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Direct and Bicarbonate-Induced Iron Deficiency Differently Affect Iron Translocation in Kiwifruit Roots.

Wang Nannan N Dong Xiaoke X Chen Yuanlei Y Ma Baiquan B Yao Chunchao C Ma Fengwang F Liu Zhande Z

Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 20201114 11

Bicarbonate-induced iron (Fe) deficiency (+Bic) is frequently observed in kiwifruit orchards, but more research attention has been paid to direct Fe deficiency (-Fe) in plants, including kiwifruit. Here we compared the differences of kiwifruit plants between -Fe and +Bic in: (1) the traits of 57Fe uptake and translocation within plants, (2) Fe forms in roots, and (3) some acidic ions and metabolites in roots. The concentration of 57Fe derived from nutrient solution (57 ...[more]

PMID: 33202654

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Project description:BackgroundIron (Fe) is an essential nutrient in plants and animals, and Fe deficiency results in decreased vitality and performance. Due to limited bio-availability of Fe, plants have evolved sophisticated adaptive alterations in development, biochemistry and metabolism that are mainly regulated at the transcriptional level. We have investigated the early transcriptional response to Fe deficiency in roots of the model plant Arabidopsis, using a hydroponic system that permitted removal of Fe from the nutrient solution within seconds and transferring large numbers of plants with little or no mechanical damage to the root systems. We feel that this experimental approach offers significant advantages over previous and recent DNA microarray investigations of the Fe-deficiency response by increasing the resolution of the temporal response and by decreasing non-Fe deficiency-induced transcriptional changes, which are common in microarray analyses.ResultsThe expression of sixty genes were changed after 6 h of Fe deficiency and 65% of these were found to overlap with a group of seventy-nine genes that were altered after 24 h. A disproportionally high number of transcripts encoding ion transport proteins were found, which function to increase the Fe concentration and decrease the zinc (Zn) concentration in the cytosol. Analysis of global changes in gene expression revealed that changes in Fe availability were associated with the differential expression of genes that encode transporters with presumed function in uptake and distribution of transition metals other than Fe. It appeared that under conditions of Fe deficiency, the capacity for Zn uptake increased, most probably the result of low specificity of the Fe transporter IRT1 that was induced upon Fe deficiency. The transcriptional regulation of several Zn transports under Fe deficiency led presumably to the homeostatic regulation of the cytosolic concentration of Zn and of other transition metal ions such as Mn to avoid toxicity.ConclusionThe genomic information obtained from this study gives insights into the rapid transcriptional responses to Fe shortage in plants, and is important for understanding how changes in nutrient availability are translated into responses that help to avoid imbalances in ion distribution. We further identified rapidly induced or repressed genes with potential roles in perception and signaling during Fe deficiency which may aid in the elucidation of these processes.

Project description:Deficiency of activity-induced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) disturbs neurotransmitter gene expression. Enriched environment treatment (EET) ameliorates the defects. However, how BDNF deficiency and EET affect the neurotransmitter gene expression differently across ages remains unclear. We addressed this question by determining the neurotransmitter gene expression across three life stages in wild-type and activity-dependent BDNF-deficient (KIV) mice. Mice received 2-months of standard control treatment (SCT) or EET at early-life development (ED: 0-2 months), young adulthood (2-4 months), and old adulthood (12-14 months) (N = 16/group). Half of these mice received additional 1-month SCT to examine persisting EET effects. High-throughput quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction measured expression of 81 genes for dopamine, adrenaline, serotonin, gamma aminobutyric acid, glutamate, acetylcholine, and BDNF systems in the frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus. Results revealed that BDNF deficiency mostly reduced neurotransmitter gene expression, greatest at ED in the FC. EET increased expression of a larger number of genes at ED than adulthood, particularly in the KIV FC. Many genes down-regulated in KIV mice were up-regulated by EET, which persisted when EET was provided at ED (e.g., 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) transporter [5HTT], ADRA1D, GRIA3, GABRA5, GABBR2). In both the regions, BDNF deficiency decreased the density of gene co-expression network specifically at ED, while EET increased the density and hub genes (e.g., GAT1, GABRG3, GRIN1, CHRNA7). These results suggest that BDNF deficiency, which occurs under chronic stress, causes neurotransmitter dysregulations prominently at ED, particularly in the FC. EET at ED may be most effective to normalize the dysregulations, providing persisting effects later in life. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. More information about the Open Science badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.

Project description:BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency induces in Strategy I plants physiological, biochemical and molecular modifications capable to increase iron uptake from the rhizosphere. This effort needs a reorganization of metabolic pathways to efficiently sustain activities linked to the acquisition of iron; in fact, carbohydrates and the energetic metabolism has been shown to be involved in these responses. The aim of this work was to find both a confirmation of the already expected change in the enzyme concentrations induced in cucumber root tissue in response to iron deficiency as well as to find new insights on the involvement of other pathways. RESULTS: The proteome pattern of soluble cytosolic proteins extracted from roots was obtained by 2-DE. Of about two thousand spots found, only those showing at least a two-fold increase or decrease in the concentration were considered for subsequent identification by mass spectrometry. Fifty-seven proteins showed significant changes, and 44 of them were identified. Twenty-one of them were increased in quantity, whereas 23 were decreased in quantity. Most of the increased proteins belong to glycolysis and nitrogen metabolism in agreement with the biochemical evidence. On the other hand, the proteins being decreased belong to the metabolism of sucrose and complex structural carbohydrates and to structural proteins. CONCLUSIONS: The new available techniques allow to cast new light on the mechanisms involved in the changes occurring in plants under iron deficiency. The data obtained from this proteomic study confirm the metabolic changes occurring in cucumber as a response to Fe deficiency. Two main conclusions may be drawn. The first one is the confirmation of the increase in the glycolytic flux and in the anaerobic metabolism to sustain the energetic effort the Fe-deficient plants must undertake. The second conclusion is, on one hand, the decrease in the amount of enzymes linked to the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates of the cell wall, and, on the other hand, the increase in enzymes linked to the turnover of proteins.

Dataset Information

Direct and Bicarbonate-Induced Iron Deficiency Differently Affect Iron Translocation in Kiwifruit Roots.

Publications

Direct and Bicarbonate-Induced Iron Deficiency Differently Affect Iron Translocation in Kiwifruit Roots.

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