Circulation of 2 Barmah Forest Virus Lineages in Military Training Areas, Australia.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Liu W
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7706964 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundBarmah Forest virus (BFV) disease is a common and wide-spread mosquito-borne disease in Australia. This study investigated the spatio-temporal patterns of BFV disease in Queensland, Australia using geographical information system (GIS) tools and geostatistical analysis.Methods/principal findingsWe calculated the incidence rates and standardised incidence rates of BFV disease. Moran's I statistic was used to assess the spatial autocorrelation of BFV incidences. Spatial dynamics of BFV disease was examined using semi-variogram analysis. Interpolation techniques were applied to visualise and display the spatial distribution of BFV disease in statistical local areas (SLAs) throughout Queensland. Mapping of BFV disease by SLAs reveals the presence of substantial spatio-temporal variation over time. Statistically significant differences in BFV incidence rates were identified among age groups (?(2)?=?7587, df?=?7327,p<0.01). There was a significant positive spatial autocorrelation of BFV incidence for all four periods, with the Moran's I statistic ranging from 0.1506 to 0.2901 (p<0.01). Semi-variogram analysis and smoothed maps created from interpolation techniques indicate that the pattern of spatial autocorrelation was not homogeneous across the state.Conclusions/significanceThis is the first study to examine spatial and temporal variation in the incidence rates of BFV disease across Queensland using GIS and geostatistics. The BFV transmission varied with age and gender, which may be due to exposure rates or behavioural risk factors. There are differences in the spatio-temporal patterns of BFV disease which may be related to local socio-ecological and environmental factors. These research findings may have implications in the BFV disease control and prevention programs in Queensland.
| S-EPMC3192738 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We report a case of Barmah Forest virus infection in a child from Central Province, Papua New Guinea, who had no previous travel history. Genomic characterization of the virus showed divergent origin compared with viruses previously detected, supporting the hypothesis that the range of Barmah Forest virus extends beyond Australia.
| S-EPMC6874237 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The complete genome sequences of two Barmah Forest virus (BFV) strains isolated from mosquitoes trapped in the Australian Defence Force (ADF) training areas during 2017 and 2018 reveal multiple nucleotide insertions in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of ADF BFV strains compared with the BFV prototype strain whole-genome sequence in GenBank.
| S-EPMC6787324 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To evaluate the frequency of errors in the diagnosis of medical laboratory-diagnosed Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections in Australia, we studied 42 laboratory-diagnosed CHIKV serum samples from one Queensland medical laboratory by ELISA IgG/IgM and measured the specific neutralization antibodies (Nab) against Barmah Forest virus (BFV), CHIKV and Ross River virus (RRV). The sero-positivity rates for the sera were as follows: anti-BFV IgG+ 19% (8/42), IgM+ 2.4% (1/42) and Nab+ 16.7% (7/42); anti-CHIKV IgG+ 90.5% (38/42), IgM+ 21.4% (9/42) and Nab+ 90.5% (38/42); anti-RRV IgG+ 88.1% (37/42), IgM+ 28.6% (12/42) and Nab+ 83.2% (35/42), respectively. Among the samples with multiple antibody positivity, 2.4% (1/42) showed triple ELISA IgM+, and 14.3% (6/42) exhibited double IgM RRV+CHIKV+; 9.5% (4/42) showed triple IgG+, 76.2% (32/42) displayed double IgG RRV+CHIKV+, 4.8% (2/42) showed IgG BFV+RRV+ and 4.8% (2/42) showed IgG BFV++CHIKV+; and 9.5% (4/42) showed triple Nab+ and 69% (29/42) exhibited double Nab RRV+CHIKV+, respectively. Our analysis of the single-virus infection control Nab results suggested no cross-neutralization between RRV and BFV, and only mild cross-neutralization between CHIKV and RRV, BFV and CHIKV, all with a ≥4-fold Nab titre ratio difference between the true virus infection and cross-reactivity counterpart virus. Subsequently, we re-diagnosed these 42 patients as 1 BFV+, 8 CHIKV+ and 23 RRV+ single-virus infections, along with five RRV+/BFV+ and four RRV+/CHIKV+ double infections, and one possible RRV+/BFV+ or RRV+CHIKV+, respectively. These findings suggests that a substantial proportion of medically attended RRV and BFV infections were misdiagnosed as CHIKV infections, highlighting the imperative need for diagnostic laboratory tests capable of distinguishing between CHIKV infections and actively co-circulating RRV and BFV. For a correct diagnosis, it is crucial to consider reliable diagnostic methods such as the neutralization assay to exclude RRV and BFV.
| S-EPMC10974935 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Barmah Forest virus (BFV) is a medically important mosquito-borne alphavirus endemic to Australia. Symptomatic disease can be a major cause of morbidity, associated with fever, rash, and debilitating arthralgia. BFV disease is similar to that caused by Ross River virus (RRV), the other major Australian alphavirus. Currently, just four BFV whole-genome sequences are available with no genome-scale phylogeny in existence to robustly characterise genetic diversity. Thirty novel genome sequences were derived for this study, for a final 34-taxon dataset sampled over a 44 year period. Three distinct BFV genotypes were characterised (G1-3) that have circulated in Australia and Papua New Guinea (PNG). Evidence of spatio-temporal co-circulation of G2 and G3 within regions of Australia was noted, including in the South West region of Western Australia (WA) during the first reported disease outbreaks in the state's history. Compared with RRV, the BFV population appeared more stable with less frequent emergence of novel lineages. Preliminary in vitro assessment of RRV and BFV replication kinetics found that RRV replicates at a significantly faster rate and to a higher, more persistent titre compared with BFV, perhaps indicating mosquitoes may be infectious with RRV for longer than with BFV. This investigation resolved a greater diversity of BFV, and a greater understanding of the evolutionary dynamics and history was attained.
| S-EPMC7412159 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Barmah Forest virus (BFV) is a mosquito borne (+) ssRNA alphavirus found only in Australia. It causes rash, myalgia and arthralgia in humans and is usually diagnosed serologically. We developed a real-time PCR assay to detect BFV in an effort to improve diagnosis early in the course of infection. The limit of detection was 16 genome equivalents with a specificity of 100%. Fifty five serum samples from BFV-infected patients were tested by the PCR. 52 of 53 antibody-positive samples were PCR negative. Two culture-positive (neutralizing antibody negative) samples were positive on first round PCR, while one sample (IgM and neutralizing antibody strongly positive, IgG negative) was positive on second round PCR, suggesting that viral RNA is detectable and transiently present in early infection. PCR can provide results faster than culture, is capable of high throughput and by sequencing the PCR product strain variants can be characterized.
| S-EPMC3720699 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundDengue (DENV), Ross River (RRV) and Barmah Forest viruses (BFV) are the most common human arboviral infections in Australia and the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) and are associated with debilitating symptoms. All are nationally notifiable in Australia, but routine surveillance is limited to a few locations in the PICTs. Understanding the level of human exposure to these viruses can inform disease management and mitigation strategies. To assess the historic and current seroprevalence of DENV, RRV and BFV in Australia and the PICTs we conducted a systematic literature review of all published quantitative serosurveys.Methodology and principal findingsThe Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses procedures were adopted to produce a protocol to systematically search for published studies reporting the seroprevalence of DENV, RRV and BFV in Australia and the PICTs. Data for author, research year, location, study population, serosurvey methods and positive tests were extracted. A total of 41 papers, reporting 78 serosurveys of DENV, RRV and BFV including 62,327 samples met the inclusion criteria for this review. Seroprevalence varied depending on the assay used, strategy of sample collection and location of the study population. Significant differences were observed in reported seropositivity depending on the sample collection strategy with clinically targeted sampling reporting the highest seroprevalence across all three viruses. Non-stratified seroprevalence showed wide ranges in reported positivity with DENV 0.0% - 95.6%, RRV 0.0% - 100.0%, and BFV 0.3% - 12.5%. We discuss some of the causes of variation including serological methods used, selection bias in sample collection including clinical or environmental associations, and location of study site. We consider the extent to which serosurveys reflect the epidemiology of the viruses and provide broad recommendations regarding the conduct and reporting of arbovirus serosurveys.Conclusions and significanceHuman serosurveys provide important information on the extent of human exposure to arboviruses across: (1) time, (2) place, and (3) person (e.g., age, gender, clinical presentation etc). Interpreting results obtained at these scales has the potential to inform us about transmission cycles, improve diagnostic surveillance, and mitigate future outbreaks. Future research should streamline methods and reduce bias to allow a better understanding of the burden of these diseases and the factors associated with seroprevalence. Greater consideration should be given to the interpretation of seroprevalence in studies, and increased rigour applied in linking seroprevalence to transmission dynamics.
| S-EPMC9094520 | biostudies-literature
Project description:French Army Health Service provides medical support for armed forces deployed on external missions.In order to ensure the same health care quality in the theatre and in the metropolis, the Military Health Service provides sterilization of reusable medical devices by its own means. Army pharmacists carrying out an on-site mission comes from different domains: medical biology laboratory, research, medical supplies, hospital pharmacy or yet pharmaceutical laboratory for some reservists. Training program for sterilization in isolated military operations areas is therefore necessary in order to ensure knowledge uniformity. Our study is organized in two parts: determination of the needs and of the adapted training modalities, then implementation of training itself. This training should be accessible to a geographically dispersed public whose levels of expertise in sterilization are disparate. The module «Préparation opérationnelle à la stérilisation en Opération Extérieure» carried out allows to update and standardize the knowledge of the deployed pharmacists. It is composed of 11 sub-modules covering the different aspects of sterilization during external missions. Assessment using multiple-choice questions (MCQ) is necessary to check the level of knowledge and to understanding at the end of the training. A 75% good response rate is requested to validate the training. Training content has been approved by the National referents for sterilization and it is already available on the e-learning platform of the École du Val de Grâce.
| S-EPMC5491762 | biostudies-other
Project description:The highly virulent rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) has been widely used in Australia and New Zealand since the mid-1990s to control wild rabbits, an invasive vertebrate pest in these countries. In January 2014, an exotic RHDV was detected in Australia, and 8 additional outbreaks were reported in both domestic and wild rabbits in the 15 months following its detection. Full-length genomic analysis revealed that this virus is a recombinant containing an RHDVa capsid gene and nonstructural genes most closely related to nonpathogenic rabbit caliciviruses. Nationwide monitoring efforts need to be expanded to assess if the increasing number of different RHDV variants circulating in the Australian environment will affect biological control of rabbits. At the same time, updated vaccines and vaccination protocols are urgently needed to protect pet and farmed rabbits from these novel rabbit caliciviruses.
| S-EPMC5749467 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Barmah Forest virus (BFV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that infects humans. A 6-Å-resolution cryo-electron microscopy three-dimensional structure of BFV exhibits a typical alphavirus organization, with RNA-containing nucleocapsid surrounded by a bilipid membrane anchored with the surface proteins E1 and E2. The map allows details of the transmembrane regions of E1 and E2 to be seen. The C-terminal end of the E2 transmembrane helix binds to the capsid protein. Following the E2 transmembrane helix, a short ?-helical endodomain lies on the inner surface of the lipid envelope. The E2 endodomain interacts with E1 transmembrane helix from a neighboring E1-E2 trimeric spike, thereby acting as a spacer and a linker between spikes. In agreement with previous mutagenesis studies, the endodomain plays an important role in recruiting other E1-E2 spikes to the budding site during virus assembly. The E2 endodomain may thus serve as a target for antiviral drug design.
| S-EPMC3165765 | biostudies-literature