Awareness That Breastfeeding Reduces Breast Cancer Risk: 2015-2017 National Survey of Family Growth.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Hoyt-Austin A
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7724754 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:OBJECTIVE:To provide national estimates of donor insemination (DI) use in the United States and a description of the population of users. DESIGN:Population estimates were generated from nationally representative data through weighted proportions and count estimates. SETTING:Not applicable. PATIENT(S):Participants were U.S. women of childbearing age (15-44 years) sampled for interview in the National Survey of Family Growth. INTERVENTION(S):None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):Respondents who reported having received artificial insemination were asked the origin of the sperm. Responses could include husband/partner, donor only, or mixed donor and husband/partner. RESULT(S):In 1995, an estimated 170,701 (95% confidence interval 106,577-234,825) women had undergone DI using donor or mixed sperm. In 2015-2017, 440,986 (95% confidence interval 108,458-773,513) women were estimated to have used it. The DI users were mostly white, urban, older, college-educated, and had high family incomes. CONCLUSION(S):The DI use changed over time, from a decrease between 1995 and 2013 to a precipitous growth in 2015 to 2017. In recent years, nearly half a million women may be dealing with personal, relationship, and familial issues born of DI use. The United States does not maintain records on the usage of donor sperm, but better tracking of the use and outcomes of treatment would provide better estimates of the size of the affected population.
| S-EPMC6765402 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: National legislation in Pakistan adopted the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes in 2002 to restrict the promotion of infant formula feeding. Our objectives were to assess health professionals' awareness of this law in urban government hospitals and describe their reports of violations, including receiving free samples, gifts and sponsorship. METHODS: Structured interviews were conducted with health staff between July and August 2006 at 12 urban government hospitals in Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Peshawar including paediatricians, obstetricians, nurses, resident doctors, midwives and lady health visitors (LHVs). RESULTS: Of the 427 health workers interviewed, the majority were not aware of the national breastfeeding law (70.5%; n = 301) or the International Code (79.6%; n = 340). Paediatricians, and staff who had been working for 10 years or more, were more likely to be aware of the law [OR = 7.00, 95% CI 3.12, 15.7 (paediatricians); OR = 2.48, 95% CI 1.45, 4.24 (10 years working)].More than one third (38.4%, n = 164) had received small gifts such as pens, pencils and calendars; 12.4% (n = 53) had received sponsorship for training or conferences; and 15.9% (n = 68) had received free samples of infant formula from the Companies. Staff who were aware of the law were also more likely to report receiving gifts (OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.08, 2.51) and free samples (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.09, 3.19). CONCLUSION: Most hospital health professionals were unaware of national breastfeeding legislation in Pakistan, and infant formula companies were continuing to flout the ban on gifts, free samples and sponsorship for health staff.
| S-EPMC2577086 | biostudies-other
Project description:The purpose of this study was to estimate the age-standardised prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and to identify their risk factors in Bangladeshi adults. Data from 12 904 adults aged 18-95 years, available from the most recent nationally representative 2017-2018 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey were used. Hypertension was defined as having systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, and/or taking anti-hypertensive drugs to control blood pressure. Age-standardized prevalence of hypertension and management were estimated with direct standardisation. A multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regression model with a robust variance was used to identify risk factors associated with hypertension and its awareness, treatment, and control. The overall age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 26.2% (95% CI, 25.5-26.9); (men: 23.5%, women: 28.9%). Among those with hypertension (n = 3531), 36.7% were aware that they had the condition, and only 31.1% received anti-hypertensive medication. The prevalence of controlled hypertension was 12.7% among those with hypertension and 43.6% among those treated for hypertension (n = 1306). Factors independently associated with hypertension were increasing age, higher body mass index, being women, having diabetes, and residing in selected administrative divisions. A declining trend of hypertension control was observed with increasing age and low education. Hypertension is highly prevalent (one in four) in Bangladeshi adults, while awareness, treatment, and control are low. Irrespective of the risks associated with hypertension and its management, programs to increase its awareness, treatment, and control should be given high priority in reducing hypertension prevalence and improving hypertension control in Bangladesh.
| S-EPMC8678656 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The incidence of breast cancer is increasing in Pakistan as well as globally. Awareness of women about breast cancer plays a cornerstone role in its early detection, better management, and prevention. Keeping this in mind, a cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the awareness of female university students about breast cancer's risk factors, signs and symptoms, and breast cancer examination. The data was collected from female university students studying in Pakistan. A total of 774 participants completed the survey and recorded their responses on an online pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Only 29.8% of the participants have identified breast cancer history in their first-degree relatives as a risk factor. Moreover, 14.1% of the participant considered that the use of oral contraceptives for more than 5 years can increase the risk of developing breast cancer. In addition, inward pulled nipple, wounds around the nipple, and abrupt changes in the breast size were considered as the sign and symptoms of breast cancer by 25.2%, 25.7%, and 31.7% of the participants, respectively. Moreover, only 20.9% of the participants identified the correct year for starting breast cancer examination and 44.4% of the respondents marked that mammography should be initiated after 40 years. Overall, the university female students of Pakistan were poorly aware of breast cancer's risk factors, signs and symptoms, and breast examination. This study has highlighted the need for initiation of aggressive strategies regarding breast cancer awareness in both the literate and illiterate female population of Pakistan.
| S-EPMC8782286 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundClostridioides difficile is an important human and animal intestinal pathogen. Because of increasing indications of an association between C. difficile and food, in 2015, the Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for Food Safety, Veterinary Sector and Plant Protection (UVHVVR) included C. difficile in its national food surveillance.AimWe aim to report the results and experience with a nationwide and long-term testing of food for C. difficile as a part of a regular national food surveillance programme.MethodsRetail minced meat and meat preparations (beef, pork and poultry) were sampled within a three-year period, 2015 to 2017. Selected raw retail vegetables, leaf salads and root vegetables, and ready-to-eat salads were only sampled during 2016 and 2017. Seafood was only sampled in 2017.ResultsAltogether, 434 samples were tested, with 12 of 336 (3.6%) meat samples and 6 of 98 (6.1%) raw vegetables contaminated with C. difficile. Twelve of 18 recovered food isolates were toxigenic (toxinotypes 0, III, V, XII). The isolates belonged to 13 different PCR ribotypes, 001 being most common (5 isolates). Several food types with an increased potential of being contaminated with C. difficile were detected by surveillance.ConclusionThe three-year C. difficile testing within the national food surveillance revealed a low proportion of C. difficile-contaminated food and high genotype variability. Because the risk of C. difficile infection associated with C. difficile-contaminated food is unknown, no measures were recommended in the case of positive results.
| S-EPMC7189651 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVE:The National Family Health Survey-4 in India provided the first nationally representative estimates of hysterectomy among women aged 15-49. This paper aims to examine the national and state-level age-specific prevalence of hysterectomy, individual and household level factors associated with the procedure, and state-level indicators that may explain variation across states. DESIGN:Cross-sectional, nationally representative household survey. SETTING:National Family Health Survey was conducted across all Indian states and union territories between 2015 and 2016. POPULATION:The survey covered 699 686 women between the ages of 15 and 49 years. METHODS:Descriptive analyses and multivariate logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Women who reported ever having a hysterectomy and age at hysterectomy. RESULTS:Age-specific prevalence of hysterectomy was 0.36% (0.33,0.39) among women aged 15-29; 3.59% (3.45,3.74) among women aged 30-39; and 9.20% (8.94,9.46) among women 40-49 years. There was considerable variation in prevalence by state. Four states reported age-specific prevalence similar to high-income settings. Approximately two-thirds of hysterectomies were conducted in private facilities, with similar patterns across age groups. At the national level, higher age and parity (at least two children); not having had formal schooling; rural residence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.36; 95% CI 1.27,1.45; P < 0.01) and higher wealth status were associated with higher odds of hysterectomy. Previously sterilised women had lower odds (AOR 0.64; 95% CI 0.61,0,68; P < 0.01) of reporting hysterectomy. Exploratory analyses suggest state-level factors associated with prevalence of hysterectomy include caesarean section, female illiteracy, and women's employment. CONCLUSIONS:Hysterectomy patterns among women aged 15-49 in India indicate the critical need to ensure treatment options for gynaecological morbidity and to address hysterectomy among young women in particular. FUNDING:This study was part of the RASTA initiative of the Population Council's India country office under the Evidence Project supported by USAID. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT:Hysterectomy patterns in India highlight the need for alternatives to treat gynaecological morbidity among younger women.
| S-EPMC6772015 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study was conducted to investigate associations between C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and Korean food (KF) consumption and flavonoid intake from the 2015-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 6025 men and 8184 women (?19 years) who completed a 24-h dietary recall and health examination were analyzed. The individual KF consumption rate was defined as the proportion of KF of total food consumed and categorized into tertiles. Odds ratios (ORs) for elevated CRP levels (>3.0 mg/L) according to KF consumption rate and flavonoid intake/dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (<median; ?median) were obtained by multiple logistic regression. KF consumption was inversely associated with CRP levels in women (p = 0.0236) and positively associated with flavonoid intake/dietary TAC in both sexes (p < 0.0001). Compared to women who consumed less than the median amount of flavonoid or TAC with KF consumption rates in the lowest tertile, those who consumed more flavonoid (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.42-0.83) or TAC (OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.41-0.82) in the highest tertile showed significantly lower ORs for elevated CRP levels. Thus, consuming KFs rich in flavonoid is effective for regulating CRP levels.
| S-EPMC6836232 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundEnvironmental exposure to benzene and toluene is a suspected risk factor for metabolic disorders among the general adult population. However, the effects of benzene and toluene on blood lipid profiles remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the association between urinary blood lipid profiles and metabolites of benzene and toluene in Korean adults.MethodsWe analyzed the data of 3,423 adults from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey Cycle 3 (2015-2017). We used urinary trans,trans-muconic acid (ttMA) as a biomarker of benzene exposure, and urinary benzylmercapturic acid (BMA) as an indicator of toluene exposure. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the association between blood lipid profiles and urinary metabolites of benzene and toluene. Additionally, we examined the linear relationship and urinary metabolites of benzene and toluene between lipoprotein ratios using multivariate regression analyses.ResultsAfter adjusting for covariates, the fourth quartile (Q4) of ttMA [odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval, CI = 1.599 (1.231, 2.077)] and Q3 of BMA [OR (95% CI) = 1.579 (1.129, 2.208)] were associated with an increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia. However, the Q4 of urinary ttMA [OR (95% CI) = 0.654 (0.446, 0.961)] and Q3 of urinary BMA [OR (95% CI) = 0.619 (0.430, 0.889)] decreased the risk of a high level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Higher urinary ttMA levels were positively associated with the ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoproteins [Q4 compared to Q1: β = 0.11, 95% CI: (0.02, 0.20)]. Higher urinary metabolite levels were negatively associated with the ratio of low-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein [Q4 of ttMA compared to reference: β = -0.06, 95% CI: (-0.11, -0.01); Q4 of BMA compared to reference: β = -0.13, 95% CI: (-0.19, -0.08)].ConclusionBenzene and toluene metabolites were significantly and positively associated with hypertriglyceridemia. However, urinary ttMA and BMA levels were negatively associated with high LDL-C levels. These findings suggest that environmental exposure to benzene and toluene disrupts lipid metabolism in humans.
| S-EPMC9569087 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:The relationship between unintended pregnancy and interpregnancy interval (IPI) across maternal age is not clear. METHODS:Using data from the National Survey of Family Growth, we estimated the percentages of pregnancies that were unintended among IPI groups (<6, 6-11, 12-17, 18-23, 24+ months) by maternal age at last live birth (15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-44 years). RESULTS:Approximately 40% of pregnancies were unintended and 36% followed an IPI<18 months. Within each maternal age group, the percentage of pregnancies that were unintended decreased as IPI increased. CONCLUSION:Unintended pregnancies are associated with shorter IPI across the reproductive age spectrum.
| S-EPMC6379777 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) program provides useful information on chemical exposure, serves as the basis for environmental health policies, and suggests appropriate measures to protect public health. Initiated on a three-year cycle in 2009, it reports the concentrations of major environmental chemicals among the representative Korean population. KoNEHS Cycle 3 introduced children and adolescents into the analysis, where the blood and urine samples of 6167 participants were measured for major metals, phthalates, phenolics, and other organic compounds. Lead, mercury, cadmium, metabolites of DEHP and DnBP, and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid levels of the Korean adult population tended to decrease compared to previous survey cycles but remained higher than those observed in the US or Canada. Both bisphenol A (BPA) and trans,trans-muconic acid concentrations have increased over time. Heavy metal concentrations (blood lead, and cadmium) in children and adolescents were approximately half that of adults, while some organic substances (e.g., phthalates and BPA) were high. BPA showed higher levels than in the US or Canada, whereas BPF and BPS showed lower detection rates in this cycle; however, as these are increasingly used as a substitute for BPA, further research is necessary. As environmental chemicals may affect childhood health and development, additional analyses should assess exposure sources and routes through continuous observations.
| S-EPMC8776061 | biostudies-literature