The complete chloroplast genome of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (Asteraceae).
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Li H
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7782296 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Atractylodes japonica Koidz. ex Kitam. is a perennial herbal plant, and its dried rhizomes have been widely used as traditional medicine in China and Japan. In this study, we assembled and annotated the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of A. japonica using the high-throughput sequencing approach. The cp genome of A. japonica is 153,208 bp in length with the overall GC content of 37.7%, including two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,147 bp, which was separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region of 84,255 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,659 bp. 113 unique genes were annotated in the genome, including 80 protein-coding genes, 29 represented tRNA genes, and four denoted rRNA genes. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis with 38 complete cp sequences showed that Atractylodes formed a monophyletic clade, and A. japonica and A. koreana formed a subclade in Atractylodes. This study provides the chloroplast genome structure features and phylogenetic relationship of A. japonica.
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Project description:Thermally processed rhizomes of Atractylodes macrocephala (RAM) have a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating various disorders, and have been an integral part of various traditional drugs and healthcare products. In TCM, herbal medicines are, in most cases, uniquely processed. Although it is thought that processing can alter the properties of herbal medicines so as to achieve desired functions, increase potency, and/or reduce side effects, the underlying chemical changes remain unclear for most thermally processed Chinese herbal medicines. In an attempt to shed some light on the scientific rationale behind the processes involved in traditional medicine, the RAM processed by stir-frying with wheat bran was investigated for the change of chemical composition. As a result, for the first time, five new chemical entities, along with ten known compounds, were isolated. Their chemical structures were determined by spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses. The possible synthetic pathway for the generation of such thermally-induced chemical entities was also proposed. Furthermore, biological activity evaluation showed that none of the compounds possessed cytotoxic effects against the tested mammalian cancer and noncancer cell lines. In addition, all compounds were ineffective at inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic microorganisms.
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Project description:This study examined the efficacy of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (AMK) protein and polysaccharide extracts as adjuvant or adjuvant booster when given together with porcine pleuropneumonia vaccine. Experimental mice (n?=?5/group) were subcutaneously immunized with 25 ?g ApxIIA #3 antigen, a target protein against A. pleuropneumoniae, together with alum and/or various concentrations (0-500 ?g) of the AMK extracts, while the control group received PBS only. Immunization with ApxIIA #3 antigen increased the antigen-specific IgG titer and this increase was enhanced in the immunization together with AMK protein, but not polysaccharide extract. Supplementation of AMK protein extract exhibited dose-dependent increases in the antigen-induced protective immunity against A. pleuropneumoniae challenge and in the lymphocyte proliferation specific to the antigen. Glycoproteins present in the AMK extract were the active components responsible for immune response induction. Collectively, the present findings suggest that AMK glycoproteins are useful as immune stimulating adjuvant or adjuvant booster.
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Project description:Atractylodes macrocephala is one of the most commonly used herbs in China, which is famous for its high medicinal value. In this study, we analyzed and characterized the complete plastome sequence of A. macrocephala. Sequence analysis indicated that the entire genome is 153,265 bp in length, consisting of a large single-copy (LSC, 84,311 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC, 18,674 bp) region separated by a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,140 bp for each. The genome contains 107 unique genes, including 80 different protein-coding genes, 23 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. The overall GC content of the genome is 37.7%. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a monophyletic Atractylodes and Cardueae. This research reports the complete plastome genome of Atractylodes macrocephala, which provides a better understanding of this important herb.
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Project description:Ulcerative colitis (UC), a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is characterized by chronic and relapsing mucosal inflammation initiating in the rectum and extending upward through part or the entire colon in a continuous fashion. Currently, 5-aminosalicylic acid agents, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and surgery are the main treatments for UC, which are limited in clinical practice due to common nonadherence, serious adverse effects and heavy financial burden. Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (Baizhu) has been used for improving gastrointestinal function and treating digestive disorders for thousands of years, and is currently one of the most frequently used traditional Chinese medicines for the treatment of UC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect and underlying mechanism of polysaccharide from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (PAMK) on UC based on a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. To investigate the mechanism of therapeutic effect of PAMK on colitis, we performed the microarray analysis of colonic tissues in Control, DSS and DSS+PAMK groups. The results indicated that the beneficial effect of PAMK on DSS-induced colitis may rely on the regulation of the immune response.
2022-10-14 | GSE211359 | GEO
Project description:Atractylodes macrocephala (A. macrocephala), a famous medicinal herb in China, is widely cultivated and consumed in China with various beneficial effects. Numerous studies have shown that selenium (Se) plays an important role in promoting plant growth, although Se has not been considered an essential element for higher plants. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of foliar Se application (0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg m-2 Se in sodium selenite, sprayed monthly from May to August) on the growth and rhizospheric soil micro-ecological environment of A. macrocephala, and explore the possible mechanisms underlying plant response to foliar Se application through a field experiment. The results were: The foliar application of 5.0 mg m-2 Se significantly increased the survival rate of A. macrocephala compared to the control. The yield of A. macrocephala was increased when the Se level maintained belowed 10.0 mg m-2 but decreased when Se level reached 20.0 mg m-2. The Se content in the rhizome of A. macrocephala showed a significant positive correlation with the Se level, while the insect attack rate was significantly negatively correlated with the Se level. However, foliar Se application hardly affected the concentration of bioactive compound atractylenolide in the rhizome of A. macrocephala. Notably, the application of foliar Se changed the content of partial soil nutrients, microbial diversity and composition in the rhizosphere soil of A. macrocephala. Bacterial diversity was positively correlated with A. macrocephala growth whereas fungal diversity was negatively correlated, suggesting that microbial diversity in the rhizosphere soils is closely related to plant growth. Moreover, correlation analysis showed that available potassium, Burkholderia and Cupriavidus in rhizospheric soil might be critical factors for promoting the growth of A. macrocephala. Overall, the foliar application of Se at moderate concentration was beneficial for the growth of A. macrocephala, and 5.0-10.0 mg m-2 Se level was the optimum. Our findings revealed novel insights into the response of A. macrocephala to foliar Se application from plant growth, rhizospheric soil nutrient and microbial community composition .
| S-EPMC7578779 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Fatty liver hemorrhage syndrome (FLHS) is the most common noninfectious cause of death in backyard chickens worldwide, which can cause a sudden drop in egg production in the affected flocks and cause huge losses to the laying hens breeding industry. In this study, we prepared polysaccharide from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) by one-step alcohol precipitation. The structural analysis found that PAMK with a molecular weight of 2.816 × 103 Da was composed of glucose and mannose, in a molar ratio of 0.582 to 0.418. Furthermore, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of PAMK on high-energy and low-protein (HELP) diet-induced FLHS in laying hens. The results showed that the hens' livers of the HELP diet showed yellowish-brown, greasy, and soft, whereas the supplement of PAMK (200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg) could alleviate such pathological changes. The liver index, the abdominal fat percentage, and liver injury induced by the HELP diet were reduced in PAMK (200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg). Supplementing 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg PAMK showed improvements of the antioxidant capacity in laying hens. Furthermore, we found that the HELP diet increased the expression of hepatic lipogenesis genes and decreased the expression of fatty acid β-oxidation genes, which could be reversed by 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg PAMK supplementation. Nevertheless, there is no difference between the addition of 40 mg/kg PAMK and the HELP group. Collectively, these results showed that PAMK supplements could ameliorate HELP diet-induced liver injury through regulating activities of antioxidant enzymes and hepatic lipid metabolism. Therefore, PAMK could be a potential feedstuff additive to alleviate FLHS in laying hens.
| S-EPMC7858188 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infection could cause severe liver inflammation and lead to liver damage, even death. Previous studies have shown that polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) could protect liver from inflammation caused by LPS in mice. However, whether PAMK could alleviate liver inflammatory injury in other animals with LPS is still unknown. For evaluating whether PAMK could alleviate liver inflammatory injury in goslings with LPS, a total of 80 healthy 1-day old Magang goslings were randomly divided into 4 groups (control group, PAMK group, LPS group, and PAMK+LPS group). Goslings in control group and LPS group were fed with basal diet, and goslings in PAMK group and PAMK+LPS group were fed basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg PAMK to the end of trial. On 24 d of age, goslings in the control group and PAMK group were intraperitoneal injected 0.5 mL normal saline, and goslings in LPS and PAMK+LPS groups were intraperitoneal injected with LPS at 5 mg/kg BW. The serum and liver samples were collected for further analysis after treatment of LPS at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Furthermore, the hepatocytes were extracted from goose embryo to measure the expression of the key genes of miR-223/NLRP3 axis. The results showed that PAMK pretreatment could maintain normal cell morphology of liver, alleviate the enhanced levels of biochemical indexes ALT and AST, decrease the levels of IL-1β and IL-18, increase the relative mRNA expression of miR-223, and decrease the expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, and cleaved Caspase-1 in liver and hepatocytes of goslings induced by LPS. These results indicated that PAMK could relieve inflammatory liver tissue damage after LPS treatment and downregulate the level of inflammation factors via miR-223/NLRP3 axis, thus playing a liver protective role in liver inflammation injury in goslings.
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Project description:Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death due to iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. In animal breeding, many environmental factors could lead to oxidative stress, which in turn reduce animal immunity and production performance. Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) has antioxidation, immunomodulatory, and inflammatory modulating effects. For investigating the effect of PAMK on splenic ferroptosis in gosling caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 40 one-day-old Magang goslings were randomly divided into 4 groups (CON group, LPS group, PAMK group, and LPS+PAMK group). The protein expression of the ferroptosis marker Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4), the relative mRNA expression of ferroptosis-related genes and cytokines, and the oxidative stress and iron content of spleen tissues were examined. The correlation between ferroptosis and inflammatory factors was further analyzed by principal component analysis. The results showed that, compared with CON group, LPS caused alterations in the expression of the ferroptosis pathway genes and cytokines, which could upregulate levels of ferroptosis and inflammation. However, after treated with PAMK, the inflammation and ferroptosis was alleviated. Meanwhile, PAMK restored the expression and distribution of GPX4. In addition, PAMK alleviated the oxidative stress caused by LPS and reduced the iron content in spleen. Principal component analysis showed that cytokines were more closely related to antioxidant indexes. The CON, PAMK and LPS+PAMK groups had similar effects on the four components, with the LPS and PAMK groups showing the furthest difference in results. The result indicated that PAMK could reduce the level of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in spleen of gosling caused by LPS, and jointly alleviate ferroptosis by regulating genes related to the ferroptosis pathway.
| S-EPMC8927836 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Pityopsis includes several regionally and one federally endangered species of herbaceous perennials. Four species are highly localized, including the federally endangered P. ruthii. The genus includes several ploidy levels and interesting ecological traits such as drought tolerance and fire-dependent flowering. Results from previous cladistic analyses of morphology and from initial DNA sequence studies did not agree with one another or with the infrageneric taxonomic classification, with the result that infrageneric relationships remain unresolved. We sequenced, assembled, and compared the chloroplast (cp) genomes of 12 species or varieties of Pityopsis to better understand generic evolution. A reference cp genome 152,569 bp in length was assembled de novo from P. falcata. Reads from other sampled species were then aligned to the P. falcata reference and individual chloroplast genomes were assembled for each, with manual gapfilling and polishing. After removing the duplicated second inverted region, a multiple sequence alignment of the cp genomes was used to construct a maximum likelihood (ML) phylogeny for the twelve cp genomes. Additionally, we constructed a ML phylogeny from the nuclear ribosomal repeat region after mapping reads to the Helianthus annuus region. The chloroplast phylogeny supported two clades. Previously proposed clades and taxonomic sections within the genus were largely unsupported by both nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies. Our results provide tools for exploring hybridity and examining the physiological and genetic basis for drought tolerance and fire-dependent flowering. This study will inform breeding and conservation practices, and general knowledge of evolutionary history, hybridization, and speciation within Pityopsis.
| S-EPMC7769439 | biostudies-literature