Gene expression patterns of red sea urchins (Mesocentrotus franciscanus) exposed to different combinations of temperature and pCO₂ during early development.

ABSTRACT:

Background

The red sea urchin Mesocentrotus franciscanus is an ecologically important kelp forest herbivore and an economically valuable wild fishery species. To examine how M. franciscanus responds to its environment on a molecular level, differences in gene expression patterns were observed in embryos raised under combinations of two temperatures (13?°C or 17?°C) and two pCO₂ levels (475 ?atm or 1050 ?atm). These combinations mimic various present-day conditions measured during and between upwelling events in the highly dynamic California Current System with the exception of the 17?°C and 1050 ?atm combination, which does not currently occur. However, as ocean warming and acidification continues, warmer temperatures and higher pCO₂ conditions are expected to increase in frequency and to occur simultaneously. The transcriptomic responses of the embryos were assessed at two developmental stages (gastrula and prism) in light of previously described plasticity in body size and thermotolerance under these temperature and pCO₂ treatments.

Results

Although transcriptomic patterns primarily varied by developmental stage, there were pronounced differences in gene expression as a result of the treatment conditions. Temperature and pCO₂ treatments led to the differential expression of genes related to the cellular stress response, transmembrane transport, metabolic processes, and the regulation of gene expression. At each developmental stage, temperature contributed significantly to the observed variance in gene expression, which was also correlated to the phenotypic attributes of the embryos. On the other hand, the transcriptomic response to pCO₂ was relatively muted, particularly at the prism stage.

Conclusions

M. franciscanus exhibited transcriptomic plasticity under different temperatures, indicating their capacity for a molecular-level response that may facilitate red sea urchins facing ocean warming as climate change continues. In contrast, the lack of a robust transcriptomic response, in combination with observations of decreased body size, under elevated pCO₂ levels suggest that this species may be negatively affected by ocean acidification. High present-day pCO₂ conditions that occur due to coastal upwelling may already be influencing populations of M. franciscanus.

SUBMITTER: Wong JM 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7792118 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature