Dataset Information

Few-layer graphene induces both primary and secondary genotoxicity in epithelial barrier models in vitro.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Toxicological evaluation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is essential for occupational health and safety, particularly where bulk manufactured ENMs such as few-layer graphene (FLG) are concerned. Additionally, there is a necessity to develop advanced in vitro models when testing ENMs to provide a physiologically relevant alternative to invasive animal experimentation. The aim of this study was to determine the genotoxicity of non-functionalised (neutral), amine- and carboxyl-functionalised FLG upon both human-transformed type-I (TT1) alveolar epithelial cell monocultures, as well as co-cultures of TT1 and differentiated THP-1 monocytes (d.THP-1 (macrophages)).

Results

In monocultures, TT1 and d.THP-1 macrophages showed a statistically significant (p?ConclusionsTherefore, FLG genotoxicity when examined in monocultures, results in primary-indirect DNA damage; whereas co-cultured cells reveal secondary mechanisms of DNA damage.

SUBMITTER: Burgum MJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7816456 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Few-layer graphene induces both primary and secondary genotoxicity in epithelial barrier models in vitro.

Burgum Michael J MJ Clift Martin J D MJD Evans Stephen J SJ Hondow Nicole N Tarat Afshin A Jenkins Gareth J GJ Doak Shareen H SH

Journal of nanobiotechnology 20210119 1

<h4>Background</h4>Toxicological evaluation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is essential for occupational health and safety, particularly where bulk manufactured ENMs such as few-layer graphene (FLG) are concerned. Additionally, there is a necessity to develop advanced in vitro models when testing ENMs to provide a physiologically relevant alternative to invasive animal experimentation. The aim of this study was to determine the genotoxicity of non-functionalised (neutral), amine- and carboxy ...[more]

PMID: 33468168

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Project description:The mechanism for the functionalization of graphene layers with pyrrole compounds was investigated. Liquid 1,2,5-trimethylpyrrole (TMP) was heated in air in the presence of a high surface area nanosized graphite (HSAG), at temperatures between 80 °C and 180 °C. After the thermal treatments solid and liquid samples, separated by centrifugation, were analysed by means of Raman, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-Rays Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and ¹H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). FT-IR spectra were interpreted with the support of Density Functional Theory (DFT) quantum chemical modelling. Raman findings suggested that the bulk structure of HSAG remained substantially unaltered, without intercalation products. FT-IR and XPS spectra showed the presence of oxidized TMP derivatives on the solid adducts, in a much larger amount than in the liquid. For thermal treatments at T ≥ 150 °C, IR spectral features revealed not only the presence of oxidized products but also the reaction of intra-annular double bond of TMP with HSAG. XPS spectroscopy showed the increase of the ratio between C(sp²)N bonds involved in the aromatic system and C(sp³)N bonds, resulting from reaction of the pyrrole moiety, observed while increasing the temperature from 130 °C to 180 °C. All these findings, supported by modeling, led to hypothesize a cascade reaction involving a carbocatalyzed oxidation of the pyrrole compound followed by Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Graphene layers play a twofold role: at the early stages of the reaction, they behave as a catalyst for the oxidation of TMP and then they become the substrate for the cycloaddition reaction. Such sustainable functionalization, which does not produce by-products, allows us to use the pyrrole compounds for decorating sp² carbon allotropes without altering their bulk structure and smooths the path for their wider application.

Dataset Information

Few-layer graphene induces both primary and secondary genotoxicity in epithelial barrier models in vitro.

Background

Results

Publications

Few-layer graphene induces both primary and secondary genotoxicity in epithelial barrier models in vitro.

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