Ct values and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kampf G
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7832744 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Similar Datasets
Project description:Undoubtedly, there is a tremendous concern regarding the new viral strain "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2" (SARS-CoV-2) and its related disease known as COVID-19. The World Health Organization has stated that SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted from person-to-person close contact, as well as by small aerosol respiratory droplets. Moreover, the results of some recent studies about the role of air pollution on the spread and lethality of the novel coronavirus suggest that air contaminants could be also a transmission pathway of the virus. On the other hand, indirect transmission of the virus cannot be discarded. Among many sources of indirect transmission, there is the contamination of inert/inanimate surfaces. This manuscript was aimed at reviewing the scientific literature currently available in PubMed and Scopus. The results of the reviewed studies point out that SARS-CoV-2 can last on different surfaces from hours to a few days. However, rapid SARS-CoV-2 inactivation is possible by applying commonly available chemicals and biocides on inanimate surfaces. Consequently, although the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on inanimate surfaces can represent a potential route of transmission, appropriate disinfection measures should reduce the possibilities of coronavirus transmission, and hence, significantly decrease the risks of COVID-19.
| S-EPMC7706414 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimAnticipating local surges in COVID-19 cases has predominantly been based on observation of increasing cases. We sought to determine if temporal trends in SARS-CoV-2 Cycle threshold (Ct) values from clinical testing were predictive of future cases.MethodsData were collected from a large, safety-net hospital in Los Angeles, California. Ct values for all SARS-CoV-2 detections by the GeneXpert system (Cepheid) between October 2020 to March 2021 were analyzed.ResultsA total of 2,114 SARS-CoV-2-positive samples were included. Cases increased dramatically in December 2020, peaking the first week of January, before returning to pre-surge numbers by mid-February. Ct values fell during this same period, with values in December and January (25.6 ± 7.8 and 27±7.9, respectively) significantly lower than those of the other months (30±9.3 to 37.7 ± 6.3). Average weekly Ct values for all patients negatively correlated with the number of tests run two weeks in the future (r= -0.74, p<0.0001), whereas Ct values for asymptomatic patients negatively correlated most strongly with total number of tests performed one month later (r= -0.88, p<0.0001). Predictive modeling using these Ct values correctly predicted whether cases would increase or decrease 65% of the time for a subsequent surge (May-July 2021).ConclusionsDuring the largest COVID-19 surge in Los Angeles to date, we observed significantly lower Ct values (representing higher levels of viral RNA) suggesting that increased transmission of COVID-19 was temporarily associated with higher viral loads. Decreasing Ct values appear to be a leading indicator for predicting future COVID-19 cases, which can facilitate improved hospital-level surge planning.
| S-EPMC8990441 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infectivity is a major concern in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention and economic reopening. However, rigorous determination of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity is very difficult owing to its continuous evolution with over 10,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) variants in many subtypes. We employ an algebraic topology-based machine learning model to quantitatively evaluate the binding free energy changes of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S protein) and host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor following mutations. We reveal that the SARS-CoV-2 virus becomes more infectious. Three out of six SARS-CoV-2 subtypes have become slightly more infectious, while the other three subtypes have significantly strengthened their infectivity. We also find that SARS-CoV-2 is slightly more infectious than SARS-CoV according to computed S protein-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 binding free energy changes. Based on a systematic evaluation of all possible 3686 future mutations on the S protein receptor-binding domain, we show that most likely future mutations will make SARS-CoV-2 more infectious. Combining sequence alignment, probability analysis, and binding free energy calculation, we predict that a few residues on the receptor-binding motif, i.e., 452, 489, 500, 501, and 505, have high chances to mutate into significantly more infectious COVID-19 strains.
| S-EPMC7375973 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesQualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction tests are not designed to provide quantitative or semiquantitative results because cycle threshold (Ct) values are not normalized to standardized controls of known concentration. The aim of this study was to characterize SARS-CoV-2 viral loads based on Ct values, using the QIAstat-Dx® Respiratory SARS-CoV-2 Panel.MethodsDifferent lineages of SARS-CoV-2 clinical samples and the World Health Organization international standard were used to assess the linearity of the QIAstat-Dx Respiratory SARS-CoV-2 Panel. Limit of detection for the different lineages was characterized.ResultsComparable efficiencies and linearity for all samples resulted in R2 ≥0.99, covering a dynamic range of 1,000,000-100 copies/mL for the SARS-CoV-2 assay, showing linear correlation between Ct values and viral load down to 300 copies/mL.ConclusionThe SARS-CoV-2 Ct values provided by the QIAstat-Dx® Respiratory SARS-CoV-2 Panel could be used as a surrogate for viral load given the linear correlation between Ct values and viral concentration down to limit of detection. This panel allows to obtain reproducible Ct values for SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid downstream of the sample collection, reducing the sample-to-Ct workflow variability. Ct values can help provide a reliable assessment and comparison of viral loads in patients when tested with the QIAstat-Dx Respiratory SARS-CoV-2 Panel.
| S-EPMC9273520 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We report cellular nanosponges as an effective medical countermeasure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Two types of cellular nanosponges are made of the plasma membranes derived from human lung epithelial type II cells or human macrophages. These nanosponges display the same protein receptors, both identified and unidentified, required by SARS-CoV-2 for cellular entry. It is shown that, following incubation with the nanosponges, SARS-CoV-2 is neutralized and unable to infect cells. Crucially, the nanosponge platform is agnostic to viral mutations and potentially viral species, as well. As long as the target of the virus remains the identified host cell, the nanosponges will be able to neutralize the virus.
| S-EPMC7301960 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPresented work studies the association of COVID-19 severity, patient demographics, and clinical history with cycle threshold (Ct) values of SARS CoV2-rRT-PCR. We studied the Ct values for Orf1ab, N, and RdRp genes in association with all the factors mentioned above.Methods and resultsWe examined the individuals (n = 6331) that consulted two private diagnostic centers for COVID-19 testing. SARS-CoV-2 was detected by RT-PCR assays using different commercial kits. Clinical and demographic information was collected by the attending health care professional. Ct values were not associated with the age, sex, or clinical history of the patient. Orf1ab and N genes Ct values were only weakly associated with symptoms at the time of the SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test. Also, the distributions of Ct values in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients are very similar irrespective of symptomatology.ConclusionWe conclude that the Ct values may have limitations in reliably predicting COVID-19 severity and should be used or reported with caution.
| S-EPMC8943503 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We spotted severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on polystyrene plastic, aluminum, and glass for 96 hours with and without bovine serum albumin (3 g/L). We observed a steady infectivity (<1 log10 drop) on plastic, a 3.5 log10 decrease on glass, and a 6 log10 drop on aluminum. The presence of proteins noticeably prolonged infectivity.
| S-EPMC7454106 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Endogenous glucocorticoids and their synthetic analogues, such as dexamethasone, stimulate receptor-mediated signal transduction mechanisms on target cells. Some of these mechanisms result in beneficial outcomes whereas others are deleterious in the settings of pathogen infections and immunological disorders. Here, we review recent studies by several groups, including our group, showing that glucocorticoids can directly interact with protein components on SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. We postulate an antiviral defence mechanism by which endogenous glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol produced in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection) can bind to multiple sites on SARS-CoV-2 surface protein, Spike, inducing conformational alterations in Spike subunit 1 (S1) that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 interaction with the host SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE2. We suggest that glucocorticoids-mediated inhibition of S1 interaction with ACE2 may, consequently, affect SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Further, glucocorticoids interactions with Spike could protect against a broad spectrum of coronaviruses and their variants that utilize Spike for infection of the host. These notions may be useful for the design of new antivirals for coronavirus diseases.
| S-EPMC9562004 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Based on a broad public database compilation, we support the hypothesis that germinal polymorphisms may regulate the expression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cellular target itself and proteases controlling the process of its shedding or, conversely, its internalization. Consequently, a genetic influence on individual susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is strongly suspected.
| S-EPMC7416730 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cardiovascular complications are major clinical hallmarks of acute and post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the mechanistic details of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity of endothelial cells remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein shares a similarity with the proline-rich binding ena/VASP homology (EVH1) domain and identified the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident calreticulin (CALR) as an S-RBD interacting protein. Our biochemical analysis showed that CALR, via its proline-rich (P) domain, interacts with S-RBD and modulates proteostasis of the S protein. Treatment of cells with the proteasomal inhibitor bortezomib increased the expression of the S protein independent of CALR, whereas the lysosomal/autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin 1A, which interferes with the acidification of lysosome, selectively augmented the S protein levels in a CALR-dependent manner. More importantly, the shRNA-mediated knockdown of CALR increased SARS-CoV-2 infection and impaired calcium homeostasis of human endothelial cells. This study provides new insight into the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, calcium hemostasis, and the role of CALR in the ER-lysosome-dependent proteolysis of the spike protein, which could be associated with cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 patients.
| S-EPMC10705507 | biostudies-literature