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Influence of okara with varying particle sizes on the gelling, rheological, and microstructural properties of glucono-δ-lactone-induced tofu.

ABSTRACT: Influence of lyophilized okara with varying particle sizes (250-380, 150-180, 120-150, and < 75 μm) on the quality of glucono-δ-lactone-induced tofu was investigated. Adding okara significantly (p < 0.05) improved the yield, water-holding capacity, cooking loss, and nutritional value of the conventional tofu. The gel strength and sensory score of the okara-added tofu (OAT) increased with the decreasing of the particle size of okara, and these quality attributes of the OAT were better than those of the conventional tofu, except for the OAT with 250-380 μm okara. The microstructural profile of the OAT with reduced okara particle size was similar to that of the conventional tofu. Theoretically, the addition of okara mainly impacted the interactions among denatured proteins via disulfide bonding and hydrophobic interactions and the sizes of insoluble solid and oil droplet in soymilk, thereby affecting the formation of the gel network and finally the edible quality of tofu. In conclusion, the addition of okara with appropriate particle sizes can remarkably improve the processing quality and nutritional value of tofu, which is beneficial to the reasonable exploration of okara for the producers of soybean products.

SUBMITTER: Lan Q

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7847842 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Background Elevated lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), a low-density lipoprotein-like particle bound to the polymorphic apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)), may be causal for cardiovascular disease. However, the metabolism of Lp(a) in humans is poorly understood. Methods and Results We investigated the kinetics of Lp(a)-apo(a) and low-density lipoprotein-apoB-100 in 63 normolipidemic men. The fractional catabolic rate ( FCR ) and production rate PR ) were studied. Plasma apo(a) concentration was significantly and inversely associated with apo(a) isoform size ( r=-0.536, P<0.001) and apo(a) FCR ( r=-0.363, P<0.01), and positively with apo(a) PR ( r=0.877, P<0.001). There were no significant associations between the FCR s of apo(a) and low-density lipoprotein-apoB-100. Subjects with smaller apo(a) isoform sizes (≤22 kringle IV repeats) had significantly higher apo(a) PR ( P<0.05) and lower apo(a) FCR ( P<0.01) than those with larger sizes. Plasma apo(a) concentration was significantly associated with apo(a) PR ( r=0.930, P<0.001), but not with FCR ( r=-0.012, P>0.05) in subjects with smaller apo(a) isoform size. In contrast, both apo(a) PR and FCR were significantly associated with plasma apo(a) concentrations ( r=0.744 and -0.389, respectively, P<0.05) in subjects with larger isoforms. In multiple regression analysis, apo(a) PR and apo(a) isoform size were significant predictors of plasma apo(a) concentration independent of low-density lipoprotein-apoB-100 FCR and background therapy with atorvastatin and evolocumab. Conclusions In normolipidemic men, the plasma Lp(a) concentration is predominantly determined by the rate of production of Lp(a) particles, irrespective of apo(a) isoform size and background therapy with a statin and a proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 inhibitor. Our findings underscore the importance of therapeutic targeting of the hepatic synthesis and secretion of Lp(a) particles. Lp(a) particle catabolism may only play a modest role in determining Lp(a) concentration in subjects with larger apo(a) isoform size. Clinical Trial Registration URL : http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT 02189837.

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Influence of okara with varying particle sizes on the gelling, rheological, and microstructural properties of glucono-δ-lactone-induced tofu.

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