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Extrapulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infections in Hospitalized Patients, United States, 2009-2014.

ABSTRACT: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) cause pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections in susceptible persons. To characterize the epidemiology of skin and soft tissue (SST) and disseminated extrapulmonary infections caused by NTM in the United States, we used a large electronic health record database to examine clinical, demographic, and laboratory data for hospitalized patients with NTM isolated from extrapulmonary sources during 2009-2014. Using all unique inpatients as the denominator, we estimated prevalence and summarized cases by key characteristics. Of 9,196,147 inpatients, 831 had confirmed extrapulmonary NTM. The 6-year prevalence was 11 cases/100,000 inpatients; source-specific prevalence was 4.4 SST infections/100,000 inpatients and 3.7 disseminated infections/100,000 inpatients. NTM species varied across geographic region; rapidly growing NTM were most prevalent in southern states. Infection with Mycobacterium avium complex was more common among patients with concurrent HIV and fungal infection, a relevant finding because treatment is more effective for M. avium complex than for other NTM infections.

SUBMITTER: Ricotta EE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7920686 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Diabetes is an important cause of CKD. However, among people with diabetes, it is unclear to what extent CKD is attributable to diabetes itself versus comorbid conditions, such as advanced age and hypertension. We examined associations of diabetes with clinical manifestations of CKD independent of age and BP and the extent to which diabetes contributes to the overall prevalence of CKD in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS:We performed a cross-sectional study of 15,675 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2009 to 2014. Diabetes was defined by use of glucose-lowering medications or hemoglobin A1c ?6.5%. eGFR was calculated using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration formula, and albumin-to-creatinine ratio was measured in single-void urine samples. We calculated the prevalence of CKD manifestations by diabetes status as well as prevalence ratios, differences in prevalence, and prevalence attributable to diabetes using binomial and linear regression, incorporating data from repeat eGFR and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio measurements to estimate persistent disease. RESULTS:For participants with diabetes (n=2279) versus those without diabetes (n=13,396), the estimated prevalence of any CKD (eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2; albumin-to-creatinine ratio ?30 mg/g, or both) was 25% versus 5.3%, respectively; albumin-to-creatinine ratio ?30 mg/g was 16% versus 3.0%, respectively; albumin-to-creatinine ratio ?300 mg/g was 4.6% versus 0.3%, respectively; eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 was 12% versus 2.5%, respectively; and eGFR<30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 was 2.4% versus 0.4%, respectively (each P<0.001). Adjusting for demographics and several aspects of BP, prevalence differences were 14.6% (P<0.001), 10.8% (P<0.001), 4.5% (P<0.001), 6.5% (P<0.001), and 1.8% (P=0.004), respectively. Approximately 24% (95% confidence interval, 19% to 29%) of CKD among all United States adults was attributable to diabetes after adjusting for demographics. CONCLUSIONS:Diabetes is strongly associated with both albuminuria and reduced GFR independent of demographics and hypertension, contributing substantially to the burden of CKD in the United States.

Project description:RATIONALE:Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) disease represents a significant threat to patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), with an estimated annual prevalence of 12%. Prior studies reported an increasing annual NTM prevalence in the general population, though similar trends in persons with CF have not been assessed. OBJECTIVES:In this study we aimed to identify the prevalence, geographic patterns, temporal trends, and risk factors for NTM positivity by mycobacterial species among persons with CF throughout the United States. METHODS:Using annualized CF Patient Registry (CFFPR) data from 2010 to 2014, we identified patients with mycobacterial culture results to estimate the annual and period prevalence of pathogenic NTM species by demographic and geographic factors. Regression models were used to estimate the annual percent change over time and risk factors for NTM isolation. Geographic patterns were described and mapped. RESULTS:Of 16,153 included persons with CF, 3,211 (20%) had a pathogenic NTM species isolated at least once over the 5-year period; 1,949 (61%) had Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), and 1,249 (39%) had M. abscessus. The period prevalence was 12% for MAC (confidence interval [CI], 12-13%), 8% for M. abscessus (CI, 7-8%), and 4% for other NTM species (CI, 3.8-4.3%). The period prevalence for MAC was nearly three times greater among patients ≥60 years old with a body mass index < 19 (33% [CI, 16-51%]); this trend was not present for patients with M. abscessus (4% [CI, 0-11%]). NTM prevalence showed a significant relative increase of 5% per year, from 11.0% in 2010 to 13.4% in 2014 (P = 0.0008), although this varied by geographic area. For M. abscessus, the states with the highest prevalence were Hawaii (50%), Florida (17%), and Louisiana (16%), and for MAC they were Nevada (24%), Kansas (21%), and Hawaii and Arizona (both 20%). Study participants with either MAC or M. abscessus were significantly more likely to have been diagnosed with CF at an older age (P < 0.0001), have a lower body mass index (P < 0.0001), higher forced expiratory volume in 1 second % predicted (P < 0.01), and fewer years on chronic macrolide therapy (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS:NTM remains highly prevalent among adults and children with CF in the United States, with one in five affected, and appears to be increasing over time. Prevalence varies by geographic region and by patient-level factors, including older age and receiving an initial CF diagnosis later in life. Routine screening for NTM, including mycobacterial speciation, especially in high-risk geographic areas, is critical to increase our understanding of its epidemiology and changes in prevalence over time.

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Extrapulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infections in Hospitalized Patients, United States, 2009-2014.

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