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Effects of dietary energy levels on performance and carcass yield of 2 meat-type broiler lines housed in hot and cool ambient temperatures.

ABSTRACT: Two meat-type broiler lines, line A and line B were fed experimental diets from 22-42 d with objectives to determine the effects of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) levels on feed intake (FI), performance, body composition, and processing yield as affected by environmental grow-out temperatures. Two thousand fifty male chicks from line A and 2,050 male chicks from line B were reared in 90-floor pens, 45 chicks per pen utilizing primary breeder nutrition and husbandry guidelines for starter (1-10 d) and grower (11-21 d) phases. Experimental finisher diets consisted of 5 increasing levels of apparent nitrogen corrected ME (2,800, 2,925, 3,050, 3,175, and 3,300 kcal/kg set at 19.5% crude protein and 1.0% dLys at each level) to represent 80, 90, 100, 110, and 120% ME of Evonik AminoChick energy level giving 2 × 5 factorial design and were fed from 22-42 d. All other amino acid levels in diets were formulated to a fixed ratio of dLys level. There were nine replicate pens for each diet and each line. The experiment was conducted twice-once in hot season (barn averages: 77.55 ?F and 86.04% RH) and another in cool season (barn averages: 69.91 ?F and 63.98% RH) of the year. Results showed that FI and feed conversion ratios (FCR) decreased (P < 0.05) linearly (R² = 0.9) by 61.25 g and 0.073 units for every 10% increase in dietary ME for combined analysis of lines and seasons. The % fat mass of total body mass increased by 0.57%, whereas % protein mass decreased by 0.21% across ME levels (R² > 0.9). However, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in % weights (of live weight) for wings, breast filet, tenders, or leg quarters across ME levels for both lines except % fat pad that increased (P < 0.05) by 0.20% for each 10% increment in dietary ME level. Line B had higher cumulative FI, BW gain, % lean, and protein mass of body mass than line A in hot season (P < 0.05). Feed intake was not different between lines in cool season (P > 0.05), whereas higher BW and improved FCR were observed for line A. Line A had higher % fat mass in both seasons. In summary, performance and yield results as affected by dietary ME levels were line specific and were affected by grow-out seasons. The optimal dietary ME level for the ME range studied (2,800-3,000 kcal/kg) at a constant recommended amino acid level lies in determining the best performance and profitability indices by taking into account the grow-out production inputs and processing yield outputs.

SUBMITTER: Maharjan P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7936163 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Two broiler lines, Line A and Line B, were fed experimental diets from 22 to 42 d with objectives to determine effects of digestible amino acids (AA) to metabolizable energy ratios on feed intake (FI), performance, and processing yield. Experimental diets were formulated to 3,150 kcal/kg with 5 levels of digestible lysine (dLys)-80, 90, 100, 110, and 120% of recommended AA level giving g dLys/Mcal values of 2.53, 2.85, 3.17, 3.48, and 3.80, respectively. All other AA were formulated to a fixed ratio to dLys. A total of 4,050 chicks were utilized in each trial (9 replicate pens for each AA level and each line; 45 chicks/pen) conducted twice: one in hot environmental temperature (HT) (24 h mean ∼85.3 °F; 80.9% RH) and another in cool environmental temperature (CT) (24 h mean ∼71.6 °F; 61.7% RH). Results showed that FI was not impacted by dietary AA levels in HT for both lines. Higher FI (P < 0.05) was observed in CT for lower dietary AA levels (<100% AA level) for both lines, with overall higher FI occurring in Line B. Higher FI for Line B was also accompanied by higher body weight in HT and CT. Treatment diets had quadratic effects on average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and processing yields (breasts and tenders) in both HT and CT, with broilers in CT performing better (P < 0.05). The optimal response values for ADG in HT and CT were 89.72 g and 113.44 g occurring at 120 and 109.5% AA level, respectively. The optimal response values for FCR in HT and CT were 1.79 and 1.58 occurring at 120 and 117.5% AA level, respectively. The optimal response values for breast meat yield in HT and CT were 575.9 g and 776.5 g occurring at 112.6 and 114.5% AA level, respectively. The optimal response values for tender meat yield in HT and CT were 119.8 g and 154.9 g occurring at 120 and 115% AA level, respectively. Line A had a higher breast and tender yield % (of live weight) for both environmental temperatures which correlated to body composition data with higher % protein mass and % digestible AA retention. In this study, findings indicated that effects of increased digestible AA density on FI, performance, and processing yield are specific to strain and grow-out temperature, but the optimum response was attained for both lines with diets containing 110 to 120% AA levels (3.48-3.80 g dLys/Mcal) during the 22 to 42 d finisher period.

Project description:This study was conducted to distinguish the effects of heat stress (HS) and feed intake (FI) on broiler chicken's physiological responses. Day-old male Cobb 500 broilers (n = 672) were allocated to three treatments: (1) control (CTL): birds raised under normal temperature (23°C) from day 29 to 42; (2) cyclic heat stress (CHS): birds exposed to high temperatures (8 h/day at 35°C; from 9:30 am to 5:30 pm) from day 29 to 42; (3) pair-fed (PF): birds raised under thermoneutral condition but fed the same amount of feed as CHS from day 29 to 42. On day 42, 15 birds/pen were processed, to measure carcass and meat yields. To measure blood parameters and gut integrity (using fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran), on day 42, CHS birds were sampled before (Pre-CHS) and 2 h after (Post-CHS) the temperature increased. Furthermore, after sampling CTL birds, they were exposed to 2h heat and sampled (acute heat stress, AHS). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (JMP Pro15) and significance between treatments identified by LSD (P < 0.05). BW and relative carcass yield were significantly higher in CTL compared to CHS and PF. Compared to CHS, PF had significantly higher BW and lower relative carcass yield. Breast yield was significantly higher for CTL and PF, while leg quarters and wings yield were significantly lower compared to CHS. Gut barrier integrity was significantly altered in Post-CHS and AHS compared to CTL. mRNA abundances of tumor necrosis factor-α, C-C motif chemokine ligand-20, heat shock protein (HSP)-27, and HSP70 were significantly higher in Post-CHS and AHS compared to CTL. AHS had significantly higher mRNA abundances of CARD domain containing (NLRC)-3 and NLRC5 inflammasomes, and lower superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1 and SOD2 abundance compared with CTL. PF had significantly higher liver weight (% BW) compared to all other groups; while abdominal fat was significantly higher in Pre-CHS compared to CTL, PF, and AHS. Together, these data indicate that the negative effects of HS are partially due to reduced FI. However, the negative effect of HS on gut integrity, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and meat yield are direct and independent of the reduced FI during the HS. Thus, warrant investigating the underlying mechanisms in future research.

Project description:BackgroundMost of the epidemiological studies that have examined the detrimental effects of ambient hot and cold temperatures on human health have been conducted in high-income countries. In India, the limited evidence on temperature and health risks has focused mostly on the effects of heat waves and has mostly been from small scale studies. Here, we quantify heat and cold effects on mortality in India using a nationally representative study of the causes of death and daily temperature data for 2001-2013.Methods and findingsWe applied distributed-lag nonlinear models with case-crossover models to assess the effects of heat and cold on all medical causes of death for all ages from birth (n = 411,613) as well as on stroke (n = 19,753), ischaemic heart disease (IHD) (n = 40,003), and respiratory diseases (n = 23,595) among adults aged 30-69. We calculated the attributable risk fractions by mortality cause for extremely cold (0.4 to 13.8°C), moderately cold (13.8°C to cause-specific minimum mortality temperatures), moderately hot (cause-specific minimum mortality temperatures to 34.2°C), and extremely hot temperatures (34.2 to 39.7°C). We further calculated the temperature-attributable deaths using the United Nations' death estimates for India in 2015. Mortality from all medical causes, stroke, and respiratory diseases showed excess risks at moderately cold temperature and hot temperature. For all examined causes, moderately cold temperature was estimated to have higher attributable risks (6.3% [95% empirical confidence interval (eCI) 1.1 to 11.1] for all medical deaths, 27.2% [11.4 to 40.2] for stroke, 9.7% [3.7 to 15.3] for IHD, and 6.5% [3.5 to 9.2] for respiratory diseases) than extremely cold, moderately hot, and extremely hot temperatures. In 2015, 197,000 (121,000 to 259,000) deaths from stroke, IHD, and respiratory diseases at ages 30-69 years were attributable to moderately cold temperature, which was 12- and 42-fold higher than totals from extremely cold and extremely hot temperature, respectively. The main limitation of this study was the coarse spatial resolution of the temperature data, which may mask microclimate effects.ConclusionsPublic health interventions to mitigate temperature effects need to focus not only on extremely hot temperatures but also moderately cold temperatures. Future absolute totals of temperature-related deaths are likely to depend on the large absolute numbers of people exposed to both extremely hot and moderately cold temperatures. Similar large-scale and nationally representative studies are required in other low- and middle-income countries to better understand the impact of future temperature changes on cause-specific mortality.

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Effects of dietary energy levels on performance and carcass yield of 2 meat-type broiler lines housed in hot and cool ambient temperatures.

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