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A swine arterivirus deubiquitinase stabilizes two major envelope proteins and promotes production of viral progeny.

ABSTRACT: Arteriviruses are enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses that assemble and egress using the host cell's exocytic pathway. In previous studies, we demonstrated that most arteriviruses use a unique -2 ribosomal frameshifting mechanism to produce a C-terminally modified variant of their nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2). Like full-length nsp2, the N-terminal domain of this frameshift product, nsp2TF, contains a papain-like protease (PLP2) that has deubiquitinating (DUB) activity, in addition to its role in proteolytic processing of replicase polyproteins. In cells infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), nsp2TF localizes to compartments of the exocytic pathway, specifically endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and Golgi complex. Here, we show that nsp2TF interacts with the two major viral envelope proteins, the GP5 glycoprotein and membrane (M) protein, which drive the key process of arterivirus assembly and budding. The PRRSV GP5 and M proteins were found to be poly-ubiquitinated, both in an expression system and in cells infected with an nsp2TF-deficient mutant virus. In contrast, ubiquitinated GP5 and M proteins did not accumulate in cells infected with the wild-type, nsp2TF-expressing virus. Further analysis implicated the DUB activity of the nsp2TF PLP2 domain in deconjugation of ubiquitin from GP5/M proteins, thus antagonizing proteasomal degradation of these key viral structural proteins. Our findings suggest that nsp2TF is targeted to the exocytic pathway to reduce proteasome-driven turnover of GP5/M proteins, thus promoting the formation of GP5-M dimers that are critical for arterivirus assembly.

SUBMITTER: Guo R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7971519 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Arterivirus minor envelope proteins are a major determinant of viral tropism in cell culture.

Project description:Arteriviruses are enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses for which the attachment proteins and cellular receptors have remained largely controversial. Arterivirus particles contain at least eight envelope proteins, an unusually large number among RNA viruses. These appear to segregate into three groups: major structural components (major glycoprotein GP5 and membrane protein [M]), minor glycoproteins (GP2a, GP3, and GP4), and small hydrophobic proteins (E and the recently discovered ORF5a protein). Biochemical studies previously suggested that the GP5-M heterodimer of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) interacts with porcine sialoadhesin (pSn) in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM). However, another study proposed that minor protein GP4, along with GP2a, interacts with CD163, another reported cellular receptor for PRRSV. In this study, we provide genetic evidence that the minor envelope proteins are the major determinant of arterivirus entry into cultured cells. A PRRSV infectious cDNA clone was equipped with open reading frames (ORFs) encoding minor envelope and E proteins of equine arteritis virus (EAV), the only known arterivirus displaying a broad tropism in cultured cells. Although PRRSV and EAV are only distantly related and utilize diversified transcription-regulating sequences (TRSs), a viable chimeric progeny virus was rescued. Strikingly, this chimeric virus (vAPRRS-EAV2ab34) acquired the broad in vitro cell tropism of EAV, demonstrating that the minor envelope proteins play a critical role as viral attachment proteins. We believe that chimeric arteriviruses of this kind will be a powerful tool for further dissection of the arterivirus replicative cycle, including virus entry, subgenomic RNA synthesis, and virion assembly.

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Heterodimerization of the two major envelope proteins is essential for arterivirus infectivity.

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Phosphorylation regulates viral biomolecular condensates to promote infectious progeny production.

Project description:Biomolecular condensates (BMCs) play important roles in diverse biological processes. Many viruses form BMCs which have been implicated in various functions critical for the productive infection of host cells. The adenovirus L1-52/55 kilodalton protein (52K) was recently shown to form viral BMCs that coordinate viral genome packaging and capsid assembly. Although critical for packaging, we do not know how viral condensates are regulated during adenovirus infection. Here we show that phosphorylation of serine residues 28 and 75 within the N-terminal intrinsically disordered region of 52K modulates viral condensates in vitro and in cells, promoting liquid-like properties. Furthermore, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of 52K promotes viral genome packaging and the production of infectious progeny particles. Collectively, our findings provide insights into how viral condensate properties are regulated and maintained in a state conducive to their function in viral progeny production. In addition, our findings have implications for antiviral strategies aimed at targeting the regulation of viral BMCs to limit viral multiplication.

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Phosphorylation regulates viral biomolecular condensates to promote infectious progeny production

Project description:Biomolecular condensates play important roles in diverse biological processes. Many viruses form biomolecular condensates which have been implicated in various functions critical for productive infection of host cells. The adenovirus L1-52/55 kilodalton protein (52K) was recently shown to form viral biomolecular condensates that coordinate viral genome packaging and capsid assembly. Although critical for packaging, we do not know how viral condensates are regulated during adenovirus infection. Here we show that phosphorylation of serine residues 28 and 75 within the N-terminal intrinsically disordered region of 52K modulates viral condensates in vitro and in cells, promoting liquid-like properties over condensate hardening. Furthermore, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of 52K promotes viral genome packaging and production of infectious progeny particles. Collectively, our findings provide insights into how viral condensate properties are regulated and maintained in a state conducive to their function in viral progeny production. In addition, our findings have implications for antiviral strategies aimed at targeting the regulation of viral biomolecular condensates to limit viral multiplication.

2023-12-06 | PXD046971 | Pride

The deubiquitinase USP21 stabilizes MEK2 to promote tumor growth.

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Deubiquitinase JOSD2 stabilizes YAP/TAZ to promote cholangiocarcinoma progression.

Project description:Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has emerged as an intractable cancer with scanty therapeutic regimens. The aberrant activation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are reported to be common in CCA patients. However, the underpinning mechanism remains poorly understood. Deubiquitinase (DUB) is regarded as a main orchestrator in maintaining protein homeostasis. Here, we identified Josephin domain-containing protein 2 (JOSD2) as an essential DUB of YAP/TAZ that sustained the protein level through cleavage of polyubiquitin chains in a deubiquitinase activity-dependent manner. The depletion of JOSD2 promoted YAP/TAZ proteasomal degradation and significantly impeded CCA proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Further analysis has highlighted the positive correlation between JOSD2 and YAP abundance in CCA patient samples. Collectively, this study uncovers the regulatory effects of JOSD2 on YAP/TAZ protein stabilities and profiles its contribution in CCA malignant progression, which may provide a potential intervention target for YAP/TAZ-related CCA patients.

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