The effect of training intensity on implicit learning rates in schizophrenia.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Orlov ND
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7985318 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Twenty-seven schizophrenia spectrum patients and 25 healthy controls performed a probabilistic version of the serial reaction time task (SRT) that included sequence trials embedded within random trials. Patients showed diminished, yet measurable, sequence learning. Postexperimental analyses revealed that a group of patients performed above chance when generating short spans of the sequence. This high-generation group showed SRT learning that was similar in magnitude to that of controls. Their learning was evident from the very 1st block; however, unlike controls, learning did not develop further with continued testing. A subset of 12 patients and 11 controls performed the SRT in conjunction with positron emission tomography. High-generation performance, which corresponded to SRT learning in patients, correlated to activity in the premotor cortex and parahippocampus. These areas have been associated with stimulus-driven visuospatial processing. Taken together, these results suggest that a subset of patients who showed moderate success on the SRT used an explicit stimulus-driven strategy to process the sequential stimuli. This adaptive strategy facilitated sequence learning but may have interfered with conventional implicit learning of the overall stimulus pattern.
| S-EPMC2799042 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimTo explore changes in psychological states in response to a bout of high aerobic intensity training (HIT) in patients with depression or schizophrenia compared to healthy individuals.MethodsAfter familiarization training of HIT, 20 patients with schizophrenia, 13 patients with depression, and 20 healthy individuals performed a no-training day followed by a training day. HIT was 4 × 4 min intervals at 85-95% of peak heart rate, intermitted by 3 min active rest periods at 70% of peak heart rate. Self-evaluation questionnaires of positive affect, negative affect, state anxiety, well-being, distress, and fatigue were completed before training, 15 min after, and 3 h after training. The two latter measures were also completed the no-training day.ResultsAll three groups improved in positive affect and well-being 15 min after HIT (p < 0.01), but only patients with depression had maintained the effect after 3 h (p = 0.007, p = 0.012). The duration of the improved positive affect was longer in depression (p = 0.002) and schizophrenia (p = 0.025) than in healthy individuals (F 2.50 = 5.83, p < 0.01). Patients with depression or schizophrenia had reduced distress and state anxiety 15 min after HIT and 3 h after HIT (p < 0.05). The improvement in distress 15 min after HIT was larger in patients with depression (p = 0.028) compared to healthy individuals (F 2.50 = 5.05, p < 0.01). No changes were found during the no-training day (p > 0.05).ConclusionHigh aerobic intensity training used as an acute intervention improved positive affect and well-being and reduced distress and state anxiety in patients with depression and schizophrenia. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01310998.
| S-EPMC4214195 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPatients with schizophrenia have a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). High aerobic intensity training (HIT) improve peak oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)), net mechanical efficiency of walking and risk factors for CVD but has not been investigated in patients with schizophrenia.AimsTo investigate effects from HIT on VO(2peak), net mechanical efficiency of walking and risk factors for CVD in patients with schizophrenia.Methods25 inpatients (F20-29, ICD-10) were allocated to either HIT or playing computer games (CG), 3 days per week for 8 weeks. HIT consisted of 4 × 4-min intervals with 3-min break periods, at 85-95% and 70% of peak heart rate, respectively.Results12 and seven patients completed HIT and CG, respectively. The baseline VO(2peak) in both groups combined (n = 19) was 36.8 ± 8.2 ml/kg/min and 3.12 ± 0.55 l/min. The HIT group improved VO(2peak) by 12% from 3.17 ± 0.59 to 3.56 ± 0.68 l/min (P < 0.001), more than the CG group (P = 0.014). Net mechanical efficiency of walking improved by 12% in the HIT group from 19.8 ± 3.0% to 22.2 ± 4.5% (P = 0.005), more than the CG group (P = 0.031). The psychiatric symptoms, expressed as the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), did not improve in either group.ConclusionsVO(2peak) and net mechanical efficiency of walking improved significantly by 8 weeks of HIT. HIT should be included in rehabilitation in order to improve physical capacity and contribute risk reduction of CVD.
| S-EPMC3169036 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundExercise may improve cardiorespiratory fitness in people with schizophrenia, however, possible condition-specific cardiorespiratory disadvantages, a scarcity of methodologically sound studies, and conflicting results raise questions about the effect of exercise on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in this group. The primary aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training on VO2max in people with schizophrenia. Second, we sought to determine whether the intervention would have an effect on general physical activity (PA) level and body composition.MethodsEighty-two patients with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to supervised high-intensity interval training or computer gaming skills training, performed twice a week for 12 weeks. Oxygen uptake was measured directly, during a maximum exercise session on a treadmill. PA level were assessed using ActiGraph accelerometer, and body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Differences between groups were assessed by analysis of variance using a univariate general linear model.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the groups on any of the cardiorespiratory variables neither at baseline nor after the program. There were also no significant within-group differences in any of the cardiorespiratory fitness variables between the baseline and post-program time points, despite that 61% of the participants performing high-intensity interval training showed a significant increase in workload on the treadmill. However, 47% of the participants in the high-intensity interval training group had a ≥ 5% increase in VO2max. Participants supervised by mental health care providers with PA competence (e.g. rehabilitation center staff, sport scientist, physical trainer) had a much larger increase in VO2max compared to participants supervised by mental health workers without such competence, and when adding PA competence to the model, the intervention group increased VO2max significantly compared to the comparison group. The intervention had no significant effect on PA level or body composition.ConclusionsThe intervention did not improve VO2max, PA level or body composition but succeeded in increasing workload on the treadmill. With regard to VO2max, approximately half of the patients may be considered responders.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov ; NCT02205684 , registered July 2014.
| S-EPMC7457274 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundLittle is known about the impact of implicit bias our trainees experience in the form of role misidentification in the clinical learning environment.ActivityWe surveyed 540 residents and clinical medical students to determine the frequency and impact of role misidentification.Results and discussionMost respondents (85%, n = 162) experienced role misidentification, directly resulting in heightened emotions that led to guarded behavior. An additional indirect impact for trainees is transmitted through frequent non-promotional role misidentification and personalizing the incidents. Women and trainees with marginalized identities had significant impacts. These findings present an opportunity to improve our understanding of the trainee experience.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-021-01475-9.
| S-EPMC8814075 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Context remarkably affects learning behavior by adjusting option values according to the distribution of available options. Displaying counterfactual outcomes, the outcomes of the unchosen option alongside the chosen one (i.e., providing complete feedback), would increase the contextual effect by inducing participants to compare the two outcomes during learning. However, when the context only consists of the juxtaposition of several options and there is no such explicit counterfactual factor (i.e., only partial feedback is provided), it is not clear whether and how the contextual effect emerges. In this research, we employ Partial and Complete feedback paradigms in which options are associated with different reward distributions. Our modeling analysis shows that the model that uses the outcome of the chosen option for updating the values of both chosen and unchosen options in opposing directions can better account for the behavioral data. This is also in line with the diffusive effect of dopamine on the striatum. Furthermore, our data show that the contextual effect is not limited to probabilistic rewards, but also extends to magnitude rewards. These results suggest that by extending the counterfactual concept to include the effect of the chosen outcome on the unchosen option, we can better explain why there is a contextual effect in situations in which there is no extra information about the unchosen outcome.
| S-EPMC9127865 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundImplicit learning was reported to be intact in schizophrenia using artificial grammar learning. However, emerging evidence indicates that artificial grammar learning is not a unitary process. The authors used dual coding stimuli and schizophrenia clinical symptom dimensions to re-evaluate the effect of schizophrenia on various components of artificial grammar learning.MethodsLetter string and color pattern artificial grammar learning performances were compared between 63 schizophrenic patients and 27 comparison subjects. Four symptom dimensions derived from a Chinese Positive and Negative Symptom Scale ratings were correlated with patients' artificial grammar implicit learning performances along the two stimulus dimensions. Patients' explicit memory performances were assessed by verbal paired associates and visual reproduction subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scales Revised Version to provide a contrast to their implicit memory function.ResultsSchizophrenia severely hindered color pattern artificial grammar learning while the disease affected lexical string artificial grammar learning to a lesser degree after correcting the influences from age, education and the performance of explicit memory function of both verbal and visual modalities. Both learning performances correlated significantly with the severity of patients' schizophrenic clinical symptom dimensions that reflect poor abstract thinking, disorganized thinking, and stereotyped thinking.ConclusionThe results of this study suggested that schizophrenia affects various mechanisms of artificial grammar learning differently. Implicit learning, knowledge acquisition in the absence of conscious awareness, is not entirely intact in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia affects implicit learning through an impairment of the ability of making abstractions from rules and at least in part decreasing the capacity for perceptual learning.
| S-EPMC1334227 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background The exercise strategy that yields the greatest improvement in both cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2peak$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\mathrm{peak}} $$) and walking capacity poststroke has not been determined. This study aimed to determine whether conventional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) have different effects on V̇O2peak$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\mathrm{peak}} $$ and 6-minute walk distance (6MWD). Methods and Results In this 24-week superiority trial, people with poststroke gait dysfunction were randomized to MICT (5 days/week) or HIIT (3 days/week with 2 days/week of MICT). MICT trained to target intensity at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold. HIIT trained at the maximal tolerable treadmill speed/grade using a novel program of 2 work-to-recovery protocols: 30:60 and 120:180 seconds. V̇O2 and heart rate was measured during performance of the exercise that was prescribed at 8 and 24 weeks for treatment fidelity. Main outcomes were change in V̇O2peak$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\mathrm{peak}} $$ and 6MWD. Assessors were blinded to the treatment group for V̇O2peak$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\mathrm{peak}} $$ but not 6MWD. Secondary outcomes were change in ventilatory anaerobic threshold, cognition, gait-economy, 10-meter gait-velocity, balance, stair-climb performance, strength, and quality-of-life. Among 47 participants randomized to either MICT (n=23) or HIIT (n=24) (mean age, 62±11 years; 81% men), 96% completed training. In intention-to-treat analysis, change in V̇O2peak$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\mathrm{peak}} $$ for MICT versus HIIT was 2.4±2.7 versus 5.7±3.1 mL·kg-1·min-1 (mean difference, 3.2 [95% CI, 1.5-4.8]; P<0.001), and change in 6MWD was 70.9±44.3 versus 83.4±53.6 m (mean difference, 12.5 [95% CI, -17 to 42]; P=0.401). HIIT had greater improvement in ventilatory anaerobic threshold (mean difference, 2.07 mL·kg-1·min-1 [95% CI, 0.59-3.6]; P=0.008). No other between-group differences were observed. During V̇O2 monitoring at 8 and 24 weeks, MICT reached 84±14% to 87±18% of V̇O2peak$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\mathrm{peak}} $$ while HIIT reached 101±22% to 112±14% of V̇O2peak$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\mathrm{peak}} $$ (during peak bouts). Conclusions HIIT resulted in more than a 2-fold greater and clinically important change in V̇O2peak$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\mathrm{peak}} $$ than MICT. Training to target (ventilatory anaerobic threshold) during MICT resulted in ~3 times the minimal clinically important difference in 6MWD, which was similar to HIIT. These findings show proof of concept that HIIT yields greater improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness than conventional MICT in appropriately screened individuals. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03006731.
| S-EPMC10727274 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSupervised high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been proposed to be more effective than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) for improving exercise capacity, but there are not sufficient information effects of home-based HIIT and MICT in patients with myocardial infarction (MI).AimsTo compare the effects of home-based HIIT and MICT in patients with MI.MethodsTwenty-one patients with MI were randomly assigned to one of two home-based exercise modes: HIIT group and MICT group. Home-based HIIT and MICT were performed twice a week for 12 weeks with an exercise intensity of 85-95% of heart rate (HR) reserve and 70-75% HR reserve, respectively. The primary outcome measure was functional capacity. Secondary outcomes included resting blood pressure and HR, peripheral oxygen saturation, pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength, dyspnea severity, body composition (body fat%, body mass ındex (BMI), fat free muscle), peripheral muscle strength, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).ResultsFunctional capacity, measured by 6-minute walk test, increased in HIIT and MICT group (p < 0.05). Resting BP and HR, body fat%, and BMI were significantly decreased, and pulmonary functions, respiratory-peripheral muscle strength, and HRQoL were significantly increased in the both groups (p < 0.05). Home-based HIIT was more effective than MICT in improving pulmonary functions and lower extremity muscle strength (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThis study suggests that HIIT and MICT can be applied at home-based in patients with MI and play an important role in improving functional capacity, health outcomes, and HRQoL.Trial registrationClinical Trials Number: NCT04407624.
| S-EPMC8736320 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Implicit skill learning occurs incidentally and without conscious awareness of what is learned. However, the rate and effectiveness of learning may still be affected by decreased availability of central processing resources. Dual-task experiments have generally found impairments in implicit learning, however, these studies have also shown that certain characteristics of the secondary task (e.g., timing) can complicate the interpretation of these results. To avoid this problem, the current experiments used a novel method to impose resource constraints prior to engaging in skill learning. Ego depletion theory states that humans possess a limited store of cognitive resources that, when depleted, results in deficits in self-regulation and cognitive control. In a first experiment, we used a standard ego depletion manipulation prior to performance of the Serial Interception Sequence Learning (SISL) task. Depleted participants exhibited poorer test performance than did non-depleted controls, indicating that reducing available executive resources may adversely affect implicit sequence learning, expression of sequence knowledge, or both. In a second experiment, depletion was administered either prior to or after training. Participants who reported higher levels of depletion before or after training again showed less sequence-specific knowledge on the post-training assessment. However, the results did not allow for clear separation of ego depletion effects on learning versus subsequent sequence-specific performance. These results indicate that performance on an implicitly learned sequence can be impaired by a reduction in executive resources, in spite of learning taking place outside of awareness and without conscious intent.
| S-EPMC4183724 | biostudies-literature