A 3D analysis of growth trajectory and integration during early human prenatal facial growth.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Katsube M
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7994314 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Similar Datasets
Project description:Currently, the primary techniques applied for the assessment of facial changes over time utilize 2D images. However, this approach has important limitations related to the dimensional reduction and the accuracy of the used data. 3D facial photography has been recently introduced as a risk-free alternative that overcomes these limitations. However, the proper reference areas that should be used to superimpose serial 3D facial images of growing individuals are not yet known. Here, we tested various 3D facial photo superimposition reference areas and compared their outcomes to those of a standard anterior cranial base superimposition technique. We found that a small rectangular area on the forehead plus an area including the middle part of the nose and the lower wall of the orbital foramen provided comparable results to the standard technique and showed adequate reproducibility. Other reference areas that have been used so far in the literature were less reliable. Within the limitations of the study, a valid superimposition reference area for serial 3D facial images of growing individuals is suggested. The method has potential to greatly expand the possibilities of this highly informative, risk free, and easily obtained 3D tool for the assessment of facial changes in growing individuals.
| S-EPMC8361153 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundChildhood obesity rates have reached epidemic levels with Mediterranean countries reporting among the highest numbers globally. Evidence suggests early life factors, including infant growth rate, increase the likelihood of obesity later in childhood. However, optimal rates of infant growth associated with lower odds of future obesity still remain undetermined. The study aim was to determine the optimal infant growth rate associated with a lower likelihood of childhood overweight and obesity.MethodsPerinatal and anthropometric data collected from 1778 Greek preschool (2-5 years old) and 2294 Greek preadolescent (10-12 years old) children participating in the ToyBox and the Healthy Growth Study (HGS) respectively, was combined for examination. Logistic regression models and receiver operating curves were used to determine the association between infant growth rate and development of childhood overweight and obesity, as well as optimal infant growth rate, respectively.ResultsRapid weight gain during the first 6 months of life was positively associated with overweight and obesity in preadolescent children (OR:1.36, 95% CI: 1.13-1.63). Optimal cut-off points for several infancy growth rate indices (i.e., WAZ, WLZ, HAZ, BAZ) associated with a lower likelihood of overweight and obesity in preschool years and preadolescence were also identified.ConclusionsThe current findings could possibly set the basis for healthcare professionals and families to better monitor, assess, and control infant growth rates, thus providing another obesity prevention strategy from early life. These findings, however, and the recommended optimal cut-offs need to be confirmed through further prospective research.
| S-EPMC10299912 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Altered brain development is a common feature of the neurological sequelae of complex congenital heart disease (CHD). These alterations include abnormalities in brain size and growth that begin prenatally and persist postnatally. However, the longitudinal trajectory of changes in brain volume from the prenatal to postnatal environment have not been investigated. We aimed to evaluate the trajectory of brain growth in a cohort of patients with complex CHD (n?=?16) and healthy controls (n?=?15) to test the hypothesis that patients with complex CHD would have smaller total brain volume (TBV) prenatally, which would become increasingly prominent by three months of age. Participants underwent fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a mean of 32?weeks gestation, a preoperative/neonatal MRI shortly after birth, a postoperative MRI (CHD only), and a 3-month MRI to evaluate the trajectory of brain growth. Three-dimensional volumetric analysis was applied to the MRI data to measure TBV, as well as tissue-specific volumes of the cortical gray matter (CGM), white matter (WM), subcortical (deep nuclear) gray matter (SCGM), cerebellum, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A random coefficients model was used to investigate longitudinal changes in TBV and demonstrated an altered trajectory of brain growth in the CHD population. The estimated slope for TBV from fetal to 3-month MRI was 11.5?cm3 per week for CHD infants compared to 16.7?cm3 per week for controls (p?=?0.0002). Brain growth followed a similar trajectory for the CGM (p?<?0.0001), SCGM (p?=?0.002), and cerebellum (p?=?0.005). There was no difference in growth of the WM (p?=?0.30) or CSF (p?=?0.085). Brain injury was associated with reduced TBV at 3-month MRI (p?=?0.02). After removing infants with brain injury from the model, an altered trajectory of brain growth persisted in CHD infants (p?=?0.006). These findings extend the existing literature by demonstrating longitudinal impairments in brain development in the CHD population and emphasize the global nature of disrupted brain growth from the prenatal environment through early infancy.
| S-EPMC6178192 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Efficient pluripotent stem cell guidance protocols for the production of human posterior cranial placodes such as the otic placode that gives rise to the inner ear do not exist. Here we use a systematic approach including defined monolayer culture, signaling modulation, and single-cell gene expression analysis to delineate a developmental trajectory for human otic lineage specification in vitro. We found that modulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and WNT signaling combined with FGF and retinoic acid treatments over the course of 18 days generates cell populations that develop chronological expression of marker genes of non-neural ectoderm, preplacodal ectoderm, and early otic lineage. Gene expression along this differentiation path is distinct from other lineages such as endoderm, mesendoderm, and neural ectoderm. Single-cell analysis exposed the heterogeneity of differentiating cells and allowed discrimination of non-neural ectoderm and otic lineage cells from off-target populations. Pseudotemporal ordering of human embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived single-cell gene expression profiles revealed an initially synchronous guidance toward non-neural ectoderm, followed by comparatively asynchronous occurrences of preplacodal and otic marker genes. Positive correlation of marker gene expression between both cell lines and resemblance to mouse embryonic day 10.5 otocyst cells implied reasonable robustness of the guidance protocol. Single-cell trajectory analysis further revealed that otic progenitor cell types are induced in monolayer cultures, but further development appears impeded, likely because of lack of a lineage-stabilizing microenvironment. Our results provide a framework for future exploration of stabilizing microenvironments for efficient differentiation of stem cell-generated human otic cell types.
| S-EPMC4968758 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe presence of pets in a home during the prenatal period and during early infancy has been associated with a lower prevalence of allergic sensitization and total IgE levels in middle childhood. No studies have examined the effect of pet exposure in a population-based cohort by using multiple early-life measures of serum total IgE.ObjectiveWe sought to examine within-individual longitudinal trends in total IgE levels during early childhood and assess the effect of indoor prenatal pet exposure on those trends. Also, we sought to use a statistical method that was flexible enough to allow and account for unequally spaced study contacts and missing data.MethodsUsing the population-based Wayne County Health, Environment, Allergy and Asthma Longitudinal Study birth cohort (62% African American), we analyzed 1187 infants with 1 to 4 measurements of total IgE collected from birth to 2 years of age. Effects of pet exposure on the shape and trajectory of IgE levels were assessed by using a multilevel longitudinal model, accommodating repeated measures, missing data, and the precise time points of data collection.ResultsThe best-fit shape to the trajectory of IgE levels was nonlinear, with an accelerated increase before 6 months. Total IgE levels were lower across the entire early-life period when there was prenatal indoor pet exposure (P < .001). This effect was statistically significantly stronger in children delivered by means of cesarean section versus those delivered vaginally (P < .001 and P < .06, respectively) and in those born to non-African American (P < .001) versus African American (P < .3) mothers.ConclusionPet exposure and delivery mode might be markers of infant exposure to distinct microbiomes. The effect of exposures might vary by race, suggesting a differential effect by ancestry.
| S-EPMC3185205 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundBotulinum toxin A can be used to eliminate dynamic wrinkles by relaxing the muscles involved in facial expressions. Therefore, it is essential to know the location, origin, insertion, function, and changes of the facial expression muscles according to their contraction.MethodsAfter drawing the muscles on the face of a model, pictures were taken at rest. The model was then asked to make facial expressions that cause facial wrinkles. All images were taken with the Vectra H1 camera system (Canfield Scientific, Inc., Fairfield, New Jersey). Each expression image was aligned to its respective static image to compute the differences in skin position, so as to calculate the skin displacement vectors. The values for local changes in skin displacement were calculated by applying the automated algorithms of the Vectra Software Mirror Suite and visualized using the color and size of the arrow.ResultsFace painting and 3D skin vector displacement analyses enabled visualization of all the facial muscles involved in facial expressions working dynamically, allowing us to visualize the effect of each muscle in the creation of hyperkinetic wrinkles. Face painting and 3D skin vector displacement analyses can be combined to determine the location of the wrinkles, extent of the muscle, part of the muscle that contracts, presence of asymmetry, direction in which the muscle contracts, and correlation between the antagonists and synergistic muscles.ConclusionThe botulinum toxin A injection educational model using body painting and 3D skin vector displacement analyses can provide a deeper understanding of actual moving muscle anatomy.Level of evidence4.
| S-EPMC8356875 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Different parts of our brain code the perceptual features and actions related to an object, causing a binding problem, in which the brain has to integrate information related to an event without any interference regarding the features and actions involved in other concurrently processed events. Using a paradigm similar to Hommel, who revealed perception-action bindings, we showed that emotion could bind with motor actions when relevant, and in specific conditions, irrelevant for the task. By adapting our protocol to a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging paradigm we investigated, in the present study, the neural bases of the emotion-action binding with task-relevant angry faces. Our results showed that emotion bound with motor responses. This integration revealed increased activity in distributed brain areas involved in: (i) memory, including the hippocampi; (ii) motor actions with the precentral gyri; (iii) and emotion processing with the insula. Interestingly, increased activations in the cingulate gyri and putamen, highlighted their potential key role in the emotion-action binding, due to their involvement in emotion processing, motor actions, and memory. The present study confirmed our previous results and point out for the first time the functional brain activity related to the emotion-action association.
| S-EPMC5931994 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Human milk is recommended for feeding preterm infants. The current pilot study aims to determine whether breast-milk lipidome had any impact on the early growth-pattern of preterm infants fed their own mother's milk. A prospective-monocentric-observational birth-cohort was established, enrolling 138 preterm infants, who received their own mother's breast-milk throughout hospital stay. All infants were ranked according to the change in weight Z-score between birth and hospital discharge. Then, we selected infants who experienced "slower" (n = 15, -1.54 ± 0.42 Z-score) or "faster" (n = 11, -0.48 ± 0.19 Z-score) growth; as expected, although groups did not differ regarding gestational age, birth weight Z-score was lower in the "faster-growth" group (0.56 ± 0.72 vs. -1.59 ± 0.96). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry lipidomic signatures combined with multivariate analyses made it possible to identify breast-milk lipid species that allowed clear-cut discrimination between groups. Validation of the selected biomarkers was performed using multidimensional statistical, false-discovery-rate and ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) tools. Breast-milk associated with faster growth contained more medium-chain saturated fatty acid and sphingomyelin, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA)-containing phosphethanolamine, and less oleic acid-containing triglyceride and DGLA-oxylipin. The ability of such biomarkers to predict early-growth was validated in presence of confounding clinical factors but remains to be ascertained in larger cohort studies.
| S-EPMC5852740 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundTraditional anthropometric studies of human face rely on manual measurements of simple features, which are labor intensive and lack of full comprehensive inference. Dense surface registration of three-dimensional (3D) human facial images holds great potential for high throughput quantitative analyses of complex facial traits. However there is a lack of automatic high density registration method for 3D faical images. Furthermore, current approaches of landmark recognition require further improvement in accuracy to support anthropometric applications.ResultHere we describe a novel non-rigid registration method for fully automatic 3D facial image mapping. This method comprises two steps: first, seventeen facial landmarks are automatically annotated, mainly via PCA-based feature recognition following 3D-to-2D data transformation. Second, an efficient thin-plate spline (TPS) protocol is used to establish the dense anatomical correspondence between facial images, under the guidance of the predefined landmarks. We demonstrate that this method is highly accurate in landmark recognition, with an average RMS error of ~1.7 mm. The registration process is highly robust, even for different ethnicities.ConclusionThis method supports fully automatic registration of dense 3D facial images, with 17 landmarks annotated at greatly improved accuracy. A stand-alone software has been implemented to assist high-throughput high-content anthropometric analysis.
| S-EPMC3724574 | biostudies-literature
Project description:During the early second trimester, the cortical plate, or "the developing cortex", undergoes immensely complex and rapid development to complete its major complement of neurons. However, morphological development of the cortical plate and the precise patterning of brain structural covariance networks during this period remain unexplored. In this study, we used 7.0 T high-resolution magnetic resonance images of brain specimens ranging from 14 to 22 gestational weeks to manually segment the cortical plate. Thickness, area expansion, and curvature (i.e., folding) across the cortical plate regions were computed, and correlations of thickness values among different cortical plate regions were measured to analyze fetal cortico-cortical structural covariance throughout development of the early second trimester. The cortical plate displayed significant increases in thickness and expansions in area throughout all regions but changes of curvature in only certain major sulci. The topological architecture and network properties of fetal brain covariance presented immature and inefficient organizations with low degree of integration and high degree of segregation. Altogether, our results provide novel insight on the developmental patterning of cortical plate thickness and the developmental origin of brain network architecture throughout the early second trimester.
| S-EPMC8408502 | biostudies-literature