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Concentration Polarization Enabled Reactive Coating of Nanofiltration Membranes with Zwitterionic Hydrogel.

ABSTRACT: In this study, the bottleneck challenge of membrane fouling is addressed via establishing a scalable concentration polarization (CP) enabled and surface-selective hydrogel coating using zwitterionic cross-linkable macromolecules as building blocks. First, a novel methacrylate-based copolymer with sulfobetain and methacrylate side groups was prepared in a simple three-step synthesis. Polymer gelation initiated by a redox initiator system (ammonium persulfate and tetramethylethylenediamine) for radical cross-linking was studied in bulk in order to identify minimum ("critical") concentrations to obtain a hydrogel. In situ reactive coating of a polyamide nanofiltration membrane was achieved via filtration of a mixture of the reactive compounds, utilizing CP to meet critical gelation conditions solely within the boundary layer. Because the feasibility was studied and demonstrated in dead-end filtration mode, the variable extent of CP was estimated in the frame of the film model, with an iterative calculation using experimental data as input. This allowed to discuss the influence of parameters such as solution composition or filtration rate on the actual polymer concentration and resulting hydrogel formation at the membrane surface. The zwitterionic hydrogel-coated membranes exhibited lower surface charge and higher flux during protein filtration, both compared to pristine membranes. Salt rejection was found to remain unchanged. Results further reveal that the hydrogel coating thickness and consequently the reduction in membrane permeance due to the coating can be tuned by variation of filtration time and polymer feed concentration, illustrating the novel modification method's promising potential for scale-up to real applications.

SUBMITTER: May P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7999987 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:With the aging of the population in worldwide, valvular heart disease has become one of the most prominent life-threatening diseases in human health, and heart valve replacement surgery is one of the therapeutic methods for valvular heart disease. Currently, commercial bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) for clinical application are prepared with xenograft heart valves or pericardium crosslinked by glutaraldehyde. Due to the residual cell toxicity from glutaraldehyde, heterologous antigens, and immune response, there are still some drawbacks related to the limited lifespan of bioprosthetic heart valves, such as thrombosis, calcification, degeneration, and defectiveness of re-endothelialization. Therefore, the problems of calcification, defectiveness of re-endothelialization, and poor biocompatibility from the use of bioprosthetic heart valve need to be solved. In this study, hydrogel hybrid heart valves with improved anti-calcification and re-endothelialization were prepared by taking decellularized porcine heart valves as scaffolds following grafting with double bonds. Then, the anti-biofouling zwitterionic monomers 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were utilized to obtain a hydrogel-coated hybrid heart valve (PEGDA-MPC-DHVs@VEGF). The results showed that fewer platelets and thrombi were observed on the surface of the PEGDA-MPC-DHVs@VEGF. Additionally, the PEGDA-MPC-DHVs@VEGF exhibited excellent collagen stability, biocompatibility and re-endothelialization potential. Moreover, less calcification deposition and a lower immune response were observed in the PEGDA-MPC-DHVs@VEGF compared to the glutaraldehyde-crosslinked DHVs (Glu-DHVs) after subcutaneous implantation in rats for 30 days. These studies demonstrated that the strategy of zwitterionic hydrogels loaded with VEGF may be an effective approach to improving the biocompatibility, anti-calcification and re-endothelialization of bioprosthetic heart valves. Graphical abstract Hybrid heart valves with VEGF-loaded zwitterionic hydrogel coating exhibit good hemocompatibility, decrease calcium deposition and promote adhesion of endothelial cells. Thus, strategy of coating with zwitterionic hydrogel and loaded VEGF may be an effective and potential approach to improve biocompatibility, anti-calcification and re-endothelialization of bioprosthetic heart valves.Image 1 Highlights • A new and promising strategy of overcoming defects of bioprosthetic heart valves.• The zwitterionic hydrogel with VEGF is utilized to improve anti-calcification and re-endothelialization properties of heart valves.• The hybrid heart valves with a VEGF-loaded zwitterionic hydrogel coating exhibits excellent biocompatibility.

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Concentration Polarization Enabled Reactive Coating of Nanofiltration Membranes with Zwitterionic Hydrogel.

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