Isoflurane post-conditioning contributes to anti-apoptotic effect after cerebral ischaemia in rats through the ERK5/MEF2D signaling pathway.
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SUBMITTER: Zhang Q
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8051747 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Isoflurane (ISO) post-conditioning attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the underlying mechanism is incompletely elucidated. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways govern a wide range of mechanisms in the central nervous system. We aimed to investigate the effect of the TGF-β2/Smad3 and sonic hedgehog (Shh)/Glioblastoma (Gli) signaling pathway and their crosstalk in the hippocampus of rats with ISO post-conditioning after cerebral I/R injury. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), 1.5 h occlusion and 24 h reperfusion (MCAO/R). To assess the effect of ISO after I/R injury, various approaches were used, including neurobehavioral tests, TTC staining, HE staining, Nissl staining, TUNEL staining, immunofluorescence (IF), qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) and Western blot. The ISO post-conditioning group (ISO group) received 1 h ISO post-conditioning when reperfusion was initiated, leading to lower infarct volumes and neurologic deficit scores, more surviving neurons, and less damaged and apoptotic neurons. IF staining, qRT-PCR and Western blot showed high expression levels of TGF-β2, Shh and Gli1 in the hippocampal CA1 of the ISO group. Phosphorylated Smad3 (p-Smad3), Patched (Ptch), and Smoothed (Smo) were also increased at protein level in the ISO group, whereas total Smad3 expression did not change in all groups. When TGF-β2 inhibitor, pirfenidone, or Smad3 inhibitor, SIS3 HCl, were administered, the expression levels of p-Smad3 and Gli1 were reduced, and surviving pyramidal neurons decreased. By contrast, the expression levels of TGF-β2 and p-Smad3 did not change significantly after pre-injection of Smo inhibitor cyclopamine, but reduced the expression levels of Shh, Ptch, and Gli1. Moreover, Gli showed the lowest expression levels with pirfenidone combined with cyclopamine. These findings indicate that the TGF-β and hedgehog signaling pathways mediate the neuroprotection of ISO post-conditioning after cerebral I/R injury, and crosstalk between two pathways at the Gli1 level.
| S-EPMC6608402 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study investigated whether isoflurane ameliorates neurological sequelae after germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) through activation of the cytoprotective sphingosine kinase/sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor/Akt pathway.GMH was induced in P7 rat pups by intraparenchymal infusion of bacterial collagenase (0.3 U) into the right hemispheric germinal matrix. GMH animals received 2% isoflurane either once 1 hour after surgery or every 12 hours for 3 days. Isoflurane treatment was then combined with sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1/2 antagonist VPC23019 or sphingosine kinase 1/2 antagonist N,N-dimethylsphingosine.Brain protein expression of sphingosine kinase-1 and phosphorylated Akt were significantly increased after isoflurane post-treatment, and cleaved caspase-3 was decreased at 24 hours after surgery, which was reversed by the antagonists. Isoflurane significantly reduced posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation and improved motor, but not cognitive, functions in GMH animals 3 weeks after surgery; no improvements were observed after VPC23019 administration.Isoflurane post-treatment improved the neurological sequelae after GMH possibly by activation of the sphingosine kinase/Akt pathway.
| S-EPMC3919515 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonism can mitigate cellular damage associated with cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of AhR antagonist administration before reperfusion in a rat stroke model and influence of the timing of AhR antagonist administration on its neuroprotective effects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at baseline, immediately after, and 3, 8, and 24 h after ischaemia in the sham, control (I/R injury), TMF10 (trimethoxyflavone [TMF] administered 10 min post-ischaemia), and TMF50 (TMF administered 50 min post-ischaemia) groups. The TMF treatment groups had significantly fewer infarcts than the control group. At 24 h, the relative apparent diffusion coefficient values of the ischaemic core and peri-infarct region were significantly higher and relative T2 values were significantly lower in the TMF10 groups than in the control group. The TMF treatment groups showed significantly fewer terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling positive (+) cells (%) in the peri-infarct region than the control group. This study demonstrated that TMF treatment 10 or 50 min after ischaemia alleviated brain damage. Furthermore, the timing of AhR antagonist administration affected the inhibition of cellular or vasogenic oedema formation caused by a transient ischaemic stroke.
| S-EPMC7483549 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The underlying mechanisms of isoflurane neurotoxicity in the developing brain remain unclear. Ferroptosis is a recently characterized form of programmed cell death distinct from apoptosis or autophagy, characterized by iron-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation secondary to failure of glutathione-dependent antioxidant defenses. The results of the present study are the first to demonstrate in vitro that ferroptosis is a central mechanism contributing to isoflurane neurotoxicity. We observed in embryonic mouse primary cortical neuronal cultures (day-in-vitro 7) that 6 h of 2% isoflurane exposure was associated with decreased transcription and protein expression of the lipid repair enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4. In parallel, isoflurane exposure resulted in increased ROS generation, disruption in mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell death. These effects were significantly attenuated by pre-treatment with the selective ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1). Collectively, these observations provide a novel mechanism for isoflurane-induced injury in the developing brain and suggest that pre-treatment with Fer-1 may be a potential clinical intervention for neuroprotection.
| S-EPMC6333734 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and purposeOur recent experiments demonstrated that the Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist FTY720 (2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl]-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride) improves recovery of function after myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion ex vivo. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that pharmacological post-conditioning with FTY720 reduces infarct size after myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion in vivo.Experimental approachMyocardial ischaemia was induced in Wistar rats by ligation of the left coronary artery for 45 min. FTY720 (0.5 mg kg(-1)) was applied i.p. either once, before reperfusion, or twice, 24 h before myocardial ischaemia and before reperfusion. After 24 h reperfusion, we determined infarct size by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and granulocyte infiltration by immunohistochemistry. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-alpha concentration was determined by elisa. S1P receptor expression was studied by Western blot. Calcium transients were evaluated in Indo-1-loaded cardiomyocytes.Key resultsIn both groups, FTY720 significantly reduced lymphocyte count in peripheral blood. FTY720 treatment attenuated granulocyte infiltration and TNF-alpha protein expression in reperfused myocardium. However, both treatment regimens were not able to reduce infarct size. FTY720 increased mortality due to induction of fatal ventricular tachyarrhythmias when administered once before reperfusion, but protected against reperfusion arrhythmias when given 24 h prior to ischaemia. Pretreatment selectively down-regulated S1P(1) receptor expression within the myocardium. S1P receptor agonists did not induce calcium deregulation in cardiomyocytes.Conclusions and implicationsFTY720 applied during reperfusion did not reduce infarct size but increased mortality during myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion due to induction of arrhythmias. Pretreatment with FTY720 before ischaemia abrogated the deleterious pro-arrhythmic effects without reducing infarct size.
| S-EPMC2936032 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study examined volatile anesthetic-mediated protection against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI).Intestinal IRI is a devastating complication in the perioperative period leading to systemic inflammation and multiorgan dysfunction. Volatile anesthetics, including isoflurane, have anti-inflammatory effects. We aimed to determine whether isoflurane, given after intestinal ischemia, protects against intestinal IRI and the mechanisms involved in this protection.: After IACUC approval, mice were anesthetized with pentobarbital and subjected to 30 minutes of superior mesenteric artery ischemia, followed by 4 hours of equianesthetic doses of pentobarbital or isoflurane. Five hours after reperfusion, small intestine tissues were analyzed for morphological injury, apoptosis, neutrophil infiltration, proinflammatory mRNAs, and TGF-(Transforming Growth Factor-)?1 levels. We also assessed hepatic and renal injury after intestinal IRI.Intestinal IRI with pentobarbital led to significant small intestinal dysfunction with increased mucosal injury, TUNEL (transferase biotin-dUTP nick end-labeling)-positive cells, neutrophil infiltration, and proinflammatory mRNAs as well as elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase and creatinine levels. Isoflurane exposure after IRI led to significant attenuation of intestinal, hepatic, and renal injuries. Furthermore, the protective effects of isoflurane were abolished by treatment with a TGF-?1 neutralizing antibody before induction of IRI. Finally, isoflurane exposure led to increased TGF-?1 levels in intestinal epithelial cells and in plasma.Our findings demonstrate that isoflurane post-conditioning protects against small intestinal injury and hepatic and renal dysfunction after severe intestinal IRI via induction of intestinal epithelial TGF-?1. Our findings support therapeutic applications of volatile anesthetics during the intraoperative and postoperative periods and imply an important role of TGF-?1 signaling in modulating multiorgan injury.
| S-EPMC3288790 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background:Hyperglycaemia is associated with a worse outcome in acute ischaemic stroke patients; yet the pathophysiological mechanisms of hyperglycaemia-induced damage are poorly understood. We hypothesised that hyperglycaemia at the time of stroke onset exacerbates ischaemic brain damage by increasing the severity of the blood flow deficit. Methods:Adult, male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive vehicle or glucose solutions prior to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Cerebral blood flow was assessed semi-quantitatively either 1?h after middle cerebral artery occlusion using 99mTc-D, L-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO) autoradiography or, in a separate study, using quantitative pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling for 4?h after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Diffusion weighted imaging was performed alongside pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling and acute lesion volumes calculated from apparent diffusion coefficient maps. Infarct volume was measured at 24?h using rapid acquisition with refocused echoes T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Results:Glucose administration had no effect on the severity of ischaemia when assessed by either 99mTc-HMPAO autoradiography or pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling perfusion imaging. In comparison to the vehicle group, apparent diffusion coefficient-derived lesion volume 2-4?h post-middle cerebral artery occlusion and infarct volume 24?h post-middle cerebral artery occlusion were significantly greater in the glucose group. Conclusions:Hyperglycaemia increased acute lesion and infarct volumes but there was no evidence that the acute blood flow deficit was exacerbated. The data reinforce the conclusion that the detrimental effects of hyperglycaemia are rapid, and that treatment of post-stroke hyperglycaemia in the acute period is essential but the mechanisms of hyperglycaemia-induced harm remain unclear.
| S-EPMC7058243 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Histone deacetylases (HDACs)-mediated epigenetic mechanisms play critical roles in the homeostasis of histone acetylation and gene transcription. HDAC inhibitors have displayed neuroprotective properties in animal models for various neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease and ischaemic stroke. However, some studies have also reported that HDAC enzymes exert protective effects in several pathological conditions including ischaemic stress. The mixed results indicate the specific roles of each HDAC protein in different diseased states. However, the subtypes of HDACs associated with ischaemic stroke keep unclear. Therefore, in this study, we used an in vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and in vitro cell cultures by the model of oxygen glucose deprivation to investigate the expression patterns of HDACs and explore the roles of individual HDACs in ischaemic stroke. Our results showed that inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity ameliorated cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and among Zn(2+) -dependent HDACs, HDAC4 and HDAC5 were significantly decreased both in vivo and in vitro, which can be reversed by NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. We further found that both HDAC4 and HDAC5 increased cell viability through inhibition of HMGB1, a central mediator of tissue damage following acute injury, expression and release in PC12 cells. Our results for the first time provide evidence that NADPH oxidase-mediated HDAC4 and HDAC5 expression contributes to cerebral ischaemia injury via HMGB1 signalling pathway, suggesting that it is important to elucidate the role of individual HDACs within the brain, and the development of HDAC inhibitors with improved specificity is required to develop effective therapeutic strategies to treat stroke.
| S-EPMC3822653 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundCognitive deficits after perinatal anesthetic exposure are well established outcomes in animal models. This vulnerability is sex-dependent and associated with expression levels of the chloride transporters NKCC1 and KCC2. The hypothesis was that androgen signaling, NKCC1 function, and the age of isoflurane exposure are critical for the manifestation of anesthetic neurotoxicity in male rats.MethodsFlutamide, an androgen receptor antagonist, was administered to male rats on postnatal days 2, 4, and 6 before 6 h of isoflurane on postnatal day 7 (ntotal = 26). Spatial and recognition memory were subsequently tested in adulthood. NKCC1 and KCC2 protein levels were measured from cortical lysates by Western blot on postnatal day 7 (ntotal = 20). Bumetanide, an NKCC1 antagonist, was injected immediately before isoflurane exposure (postnatal day 7) to study the effect of NKCC1 inhibition (ntotal = 48). To determine whether male rats remain vulnerable to anesthetic neurotoxicity as juveniles, postnatal day 14 animals were exposed to isoflurane and assessed as adults (ntotal = 30).ResultsFlutamide-treated male rats exposed to isoflurane successfully navigated the spatial (Barnes maze probe trial F[1, 151] = 78; P < 0.001; mean goal exploration ± SD, 6.4 ± 3.9 s) and recognition memory tasks (mean discrimination index ± SD, 0.09 ± 0.14; P = 0.003), unlike isoflurane-exposed controls. Flutamide changed expression patterns of NKCC1 (mean density ± SD: control, 1.49 ± 0.69; flutamide, 0.47 ± 0.11; P < 0.001) and KCC2 (median density [25th percentile, 75th percentile]: control, 0.23 [0.13, 0.49]; flutamide, 1.47 [1.18,1.62]; P < 0.001). Inhibiting NKCC1 with bumetanide was protective for spatial memory (probe trial F[1, 162] = 6.6; P = 0.011; mean goal time, 4.6 [7.4] s). Delaying isoflurane exposure until postnatal day 14 in males preserved spatial memory (probe trial F[1, 140] = 28; P < 0.001; mean goal time, 6.1 [7.0] s).ConclusionsVulnerability to isoflurane neurotoxicity is abolished by blocking the androgen receptor, disrupting the function of NKCC1, or delaying the time of exposure to at least 2 weeks of age in male rats. These results support a dynamic role for androgens and chloride transporter proteins in perinatal anesthetic neurotoxicity.Editor’s perspective
| S-EPMC7695485 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Diabetes causes vascular injury and carries a high risk of ischaemic stroke. Human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) can enhance cerebral vascular remodelling and have the potential to improve neurological function after stroke in diabetic rats. Five groups of female rats were examined: (1) normal control, (2) type 1 diabetic (T1DM) rats induced by streptozotocin injection (DM), (3) non-DM rats receiving 60-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), (4) T1DM rats receiving 60-minute MCAO (DM + MCAO) and (5) T1DM rats receiving 60-minute MCAO and injection with 5 × 106 hAFSCs at 3 h after MCAO (DM + MCAO + hAFSCs). Neurological function was examined before, and at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, and cerebral infarction volume and haemorrhage, cerebral vascular density, angiogenesis and inflammatory were examined at 7 and 28 days after MCAO. hAFSCs treatment caused a significant improvement of neurological dysfunction, infarction volume, blood-brain barrier leakage, cerebral arterial density, vascular density and angiogenesis and a reduction of brain haemorrhage and inflammation compared with non-treatment. Our results showed that the effect of hAFSCs treatment against focal cerebral ischaemia may act through the recovery of vascular remodelling and angiogenesis and the reduction of inflammation in ischaemic brain.
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