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Exploring the Domains of Gender as Measured by a New Gender, Pain and Expectations Scale.

ABSTRACT: Background: While sex- or gender-based differences in pain expression have been documented, exploration of traditionally genderized traits on pain has been hampered by the lack of strong measurement tools. This study evaluated the structural validity of a 16-item "Gender personality traits" subscale of a recently developed Gender, Pain and Expectations Scale (GPES). Methods: Data were drawn from an existing database of 248 participants (65.7% female). Maximum likelihood-based confirmatory factor analysis was carried out while considering the conceptual meaningfulness of subscales to evaluate the factor structure identified by these traits. Construct validity was explored using a priori hypotheses regarding anticipated mean differences in scores between biological male and female participants. Results: A meaningful factor structure could not be defined with all 16 items. Through conceptual and statistical triangulation a three-factor structure informed by 10 items was identified that satisfied acceptable fit criteria. The factors were termed "Emotive," "Relationship-Oriented," and "Goal-Oriented." Evidence of construct validity was supported through significant sex-based differences (p ≤ 0.02) in the expected directions for all three subscales. Conclusions: Review of the items in the three factors led the researchers to endorse a move away from naming these "masculine" and "feminine," rather focusing on the nature of the traits: "Relationship-oriented," "Emotive," and "Goal-oriented." Implications for researchers conducting sex/gender-based pain research are discussed. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT02711085.

SUBMITTER: Ghodrati M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8080910 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundMany UK junior doctors are now taking a year out of the traditional training pathway, usually before specialty training, and some choose to work as a clinical teaching fellow (CTF). CTFs primarily have responsibility for delivering hospital-based teaching to undergraduate medical students. Only a very small amount of literature is available regarding CTF posts, none of which has explored why doctors choose to undertake the role and their expectations of the job. This study aimed to explore the expectations and experiences of CTFs employed at NHS hospital Trusts in the West Midlands.MethodsCTFs working in Trusts in the West Midlands region registered as students on the Education for Healthcare Professionals Post Graduate Certificate course at the University of Birmingham in August 2019 took part in a survey and a focus group.ResultsTwenty-eight CTFs participated in the survey and ten participated in the focus group. In the survey, participants reported choosing a CTF role due to an interest in teaching, wanting time out of training, and being unsure of which specialty to choose. Expectations for the year in post were directly related to reasons for choosing the role with participants expecting to develop teaching skills, and have a break from usual clinical work and rotations. The focus group identified five main themes relating to experiences starting their job, time pressures and challenges faced in post, how CTF jobs differed between Trusts, and future career plans. Broadly, participants reported enjoying their year in a post at a mid-year point but identified particular challenges such as difficulties in starting the role and facing time pressures in their day-to-day work.ConclusionThis study has provided a valuable insight into the CTF role and why doctors choose a CTF post and some of the challenges experienced, adding to the sparse amount of literature. Understanding post holders' experiences may contribute to optimisation of the role. Those employing CTFs should consider ensuring a formal handover process is in place between outgoing and incoming CTFs, having a lead person at their Trust responsible for evaluating changes suggested by CTFs, and the balance of contractual duties and personal development time.

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Exploring the Domains of Gender as Measured by a New Gender, Pain and Expectations Scale.

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