The roles and regulation of MDM2 and MDMX: it is not just about p53.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Klein AM
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8091979 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Dysfunction of the tumor suppressor p53 occurs in most human cancers. Mdm2 and MdmX are homologous proteins from the Mdm (Murine Double Minute) protein family, which play a critical role in p53 inactivation and degradation. The two proteins interact with one another via the intrinsic RING (Really Interesting New Gene) domains to achieve the negative regulation of p53. The downregulation of p53 is accomplished by Mdm2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation through the ubiquitin proteolytic system and by Mdm2 and MdmX mediated inhibition of p53 transactivation. To investigate the role of the RING domain of Mdm2 and MdmX, an analysis of the distinct functionalities of individual RING domains of the Mdm proteins on p53 regulation was conducted in human osteosarcoma (U2OS) cell line. Mdm2 RING domain was observed mainly localized in the cell nucleus, contrasting the localization of MdmX RING domain in the cytoplasm. Mdm2 RING was found to possess an endogenous E3 ligase activity, whereas MdmX RING did not. Both Mdm2 and MdmX RING domains were able to dimerize with endogenous full-length Mdm2 and MdmX protein and affect their cellular function. The results showed that overexpression of the Mdm2 or MdmX RING domains interfered with the endogenous full-length Mdm2 and MdmX activity and resulted in p53 stabilization and p53 target gene activation. However, both Mdm RING domains showed oncogenic activity in a colony formation assay, suggesting that the Mdm RING domains possess p53-independent oncogenic properties. This study highlights the distinct structural and functional traits of the RING domain of Mdm2 and MdmX and characterized their role in cellular responses through interfering with p53 dependent signaling pathway.
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Project description:The interdependence of p53 and MDM2 is critical for proper cell survival and cell death and, when altered, can lead to tumorigenesis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways function in a wide variety of cellular processes, including cell growth, migration, differentiation, and death. Here we discovered that transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-binding protein 1 (TAB1), an activator of TAK1 and of p38α, associates with and inhibits the E3 ligase activity of MDM2 toward p53 and its homolog, MDMX. Depletion of TAB1 inhibits MDM2 siRNA-mediated p53 accumulation and p21 induction, partially rescuing cell cycle arrest induced by MDM2 ablation. Interestingly, of several agents commonly used as DNA-damaging therapeutics, only cell death caused by cisplatin is mitigated by knockdown of TAB1. Two mechanisms are required for TAB1 to regulate apoptosis in cisplatin-treated cells. First, p38α is activated by TAB1 to phosphorylate p53 N-terminal sites, leading to selective induction of p53 targets such as NOXA. Second, MDMX is stabilized in a TAB1-dependent manner and is required for cell death after cisplatin treatment. Interestingly TAB1 levels are relatively low in cisplatin-resistant clones of ovarian cells and in ovarian patient's tumors compared with normal ovarian tissue. Together, our results indicate that TAB1 is a potential tumor suppressor that serves as a functional link between p53-MDM2 circuitry and a key MAPK signaling pathway.
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Project description:The protein-protein interaction (PPI) of the tumor suppressor p53 and its negative regulator MDM2 consists of the most intense studied PPI with a group of small molecular weight antagonists described and many more disclosed in patent literature. Due to the Å-level structural insight into p53 interaction with MDM2 there is a reasonable understanding of the requirements of the molecules to bind. In contrast and despite the very close homology and 3-D similarity no potent MDMX antagonist has been disclosed up to date. The current review summarizes the different disclosed chemotypes for MDM2 including a discussion of the cocrystal structures. Structures and approaches to reconstitute functional p53 from mutated p53 are presented. Finally new screening methods and recent biotech deals based on p53 are discussed.
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Project description:The tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in anti-tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. It has been described as "the guardian of the genome", because it is essential for conserving genomic stability by preventing mutation, and its mutation and inactivation are highly related to all human cancers. Two important p53 regulators, MDM2 and MDMX, inactivate p53 by directly inhibiting its transcriptional activity and mediating its ubiquitination in a feedback fashion, as their genes are also the transcriptional targets of p53. On account of the importance of the p53-MDM2-MDMX loop in the initiation and development of wild type p53-containing tumors, intensive studies over the past decade have been aiming to identify small molecules or peptides that could specifically target individual protein molecules of this pathway for developing better anti-cancer therapeutics. In this chapter, we review the approaches for screening and discovering efficient and selective MDM2 inhibitors with emphasis on the most advanced synthetic small molecules that interfere with the p53-MDM2 interaction and are currently on Phase I clinical trials. Other therapeutically useful strategies targeting this loop, which potentially improve the prospects of cancer therapy and prevention, will also be discussed briefly.
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Project description:Tumor suppressor p53 is mutated in about 50% of cancers. Most malignant melanomas carry wild-type p53, but p53 activity is often inhibited due to overexpression of its negative regulators Mdm2 or MdmX. We performed high throughput screening of 2448 compounds on A375 cells carrying p53 activity luciferase reporter construct to reveal compounds that promote p53 activity in melanoma. Albendazole and fenbendazole, two approved and commonly used benzimidazole anthelmintics, stimulated p53 activity and were selected for further studies. The protein levels of p53 and p21 increased upon the treatment with albendazole and fenbendazole, indicating activation of the p53-p21 pathway, while the levels of Mdm2 and MdmX decreased in melanoma and breast cancer cells overexpressing these proteins. We also observed a reduction of cell viability and changes of cellular morphology corresponding to mitotic catastrophe, i.e., G2/M cell cycle arrest of large multinucleated cells with disrupted microtubules. In summary, we established a new tool for testing the impact of small molecule compounds on the activity of p53 and used it to identify the action of benzimidazoles in melanoma cells. The drugs promoted the stability and transcriptional activity of wild-type p53 via downregulation of its negative regulators Mdm2 and MdmX in cells overexpressing these proteins. The results indicate the potential for repurposing the benzimidazole anthelmintics for the treatment of cancers overexpressing p53 negative regulators.
| S-EPMC6600429 | biostudies-literature
Project description:For more than 25 years, MDM2 and its homolog MDMX (also known as MDM4) have been shown to exert oncogenic activity. These two proteins are best understood as negative regulators of the p53 tumor suppressor, although they may have additional p53-independent roles. Understanding the dysregulation of MDM2 and MDMX in human cancers and how they function either together or separately in tumorigenesis may improve methods of diagnosis and for assessing prognosis. Targeting the proteins themselves, or their regulators, may be a promising therapeutic approach to treating some forms of cancer.
| S-EPMC6028239 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The oncogene Mdmx is overexpressed in many human malignancies, and together with Mdm2, negatively regulates the p53 tumor suppressor. However, a p53-independent function of Mdmx that impacts genome stability has been described, but this function is not well understood. In the present study, we determined that of the 13 different cancer types evaluated, 6-90% of those that had elevated levels of Mdmx had concurrent inactivation (mutated or deleted) of p53. We show elevated levels of Mdmx-inhibited double-strand DNA break repair and induced chromosome and chromatid breaks independent of p53, leading to genome instability. Mdmx impaired early DNA damage-response signaling, such as phosphorylation of the serine/threonine-glutamine motif, mediated by the ATM kinase. Moreover, we identified Mdmx associated with Nbs1 of the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) DNA repair complex, and this association increased upon DNA damage and was detected at chromatin. Elevated Mdmx levels also increased cellular transformation in a p53-independent manner. Unexpectedly, all Mdmx-mediated phenotypes also occurred in cells lacking Mdm2 and were independent of the Mdm2-binding domain (RING) of Mdmx. Therefore, Mdmx-mediated inhibition of the DNA damage response resulted in delayed DNA repair and increased genome instability and transformation independent of p53 and Mdm2. Our results reveal a novel p53- and Mdm2-independent oncogenic function of Mdmx that provides new insight into the many cancers that overexpress Mdmx.
| S-EPMC4160436 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The protein–protein interaction of p53 and MDM2/X is a promising non genotoxic anticancer target. A rapid and efficient methodology was developed to synthesize the 2,30-bis(10H-indole) heterocyclic scaffold 2 as ester, acid and amide derivatives. Their binding affinity with MDM2 was evaluated using both fluorescence polarization (FP) assay and HSQC experiments, indicating good inhibition and a perfect starting point for further optimizations.
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Project description:Genetic evidence has implicated both Mdm2 and MdmX as essential in negative regulation of p53. However, the exact role of MdmX in this Mdm2-dependent protein degradation is not well understood. Most, if not all, previous Mdm2 studies used GST-Mdm2 fusion proteins in the in vitro assays. Here, we show that the p53 polyubiquitination activity of GST-Mdm2 is conferred by the GST tag and non-GST-tagged Mdm2 only catalyzes monoubiquitination of p53 even at extremely high concentrations. We further demonstrate that MdmX is a potent activator of Mdm2, facilitating dose-dependent p53 polyubiquitination. This activation process requires the RING domains of both MdmX and Mdm2 proteins. The polyubiquitination activity of Mdm2/MdmX is Mdm2-dependent. Unlike Mdm2 or MdmX overexpression alone, co-overexpression of MdmX and Mdm2 consistently triggered p53 degradation in cells. Moreover, cellular polyubiquitination of p53 was only observable in the cytoplasm where both Mdm2 and MdmX are readily detectable. Importantly, RNAi knockdown of MdmX increased levels of endogenous p53 accompanied by reduced p53 polyubiquitination. In conclusion, our work has resolved a major confusion in the field derived from using GST-Mdm2 and demonstrated that MdmX is the cellular activator that converts Mdm2 from a monoubiquitination E3 ligase to a polyubiquitination E3 ligase toward p53. Together, our findings provide a biochemical basis for the requirement of both Mdm2 and MdmX in the dynamic regulation of p53 stability.
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Project description:The interaction between the transactivation domain of p53 (p53TAD) and the N-terminal domain of MDM2 and MDMX plays an essential role for cell function. Mutations in these proteins have been implicated in many forms of cancer. The intrinsically disordered p53TAD contains two subdomains, TAD1 and TAD2. Using NMR spectroscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, and molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that TAD2 directly interacts with MDM2, adopting transient structures that bind to the same hydrophobic pocket of MDM2 as TAD1. Our data show that binding of TAD1 and TAD2 to MDM2 is competitive, which is further supported by the observation that the interaction of TAD2 with MDM2 can be blocked by the small molecule inhibitor nutlin-3. Our data further indicate that TAD2 interacts with MDMX in a fashion very similar to MDM2. Because TAD2 is known to have transcriptional activity, the interaction of TAD2 with MDM2/MDMX may play a direct role in the inhibition of p53 transactivation.
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