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Genome-wide analysis of gibberellin-dioxygenases gene family and their responses to GA applications in maize.

ABSTRACT: Gibberellin-dioxygenases genes plays important roles in the regulating plant development. However, Gibberellin-dioxygenases genes are rarely reported in maize, especially response to gibberellin (GA). In present study, 27 Gibberellin-dioxygenases genes were identified in the maize and they were classified into seven subfamilies (I-VII) based on phylogenetic analysis. This result was also further confirmed by their gene structure and conserved motif characteristics. And gibberellin-dioxygenases genes only occurred segmental duplication that occurs most frequently in plants. Furthermore, the gibberellin-dioxygenases genes showed different tissue expression pattern in different tissues and most of the gibberellin-dioxygenases genes showed tissue specific expression. Moreover, almost all the gibberellin-dioxygenases genes were significantly elevated in response to GA except for ZmGA2ox2 and ZmGA20ox10 of 15 gibberellin-dioxygenases genes normally expressed in leaves while 10 and 11 gibberellin-dioxygenases genes showed up and down regulated under GA treatment than that under normal condition in leaf sheath. In addition, we found that ZmGA2ox1, ZmGA2ox4, ZmGA20ox7, ZmGA3ox1 and ZmGA3ox3 might be potential genes for regulating balance of GAs which play essential roles in plant development. These findings will increase our understanding of Gibberellin-dioxygenases gene family in response to GA and will provide a solid base for further functional characterization of Gibberellin-dioxygenases genes in maize.

SUBMITTER: Ci J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8104384 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The plant hormones gibberellins (GAs) regulate plant growth and development and are closely related to the yield of cash crops. The GA oxidases (GAoxs), including the GA2ox, GA3ox, and GA20ox subfamilies, play pivotal roles in GAs' biosynthesis and metabolism, but their classification and evolutionary pattern in Gramineae crops remain unclear. We thus conducted a comparative genomic study of GAox genes in six Gramineae representative crops, namely, Setaria italica (Si), Zea mays (Zm), Sorghum bicolor (Sb), Hordeum vulgare (Hv), Brachypodium distachyon (Bd), and Oryza sativa (Os). A total of 105 GAox genes were identified in these six crop genomes, belonging to the C19-GA2ox, C20-GA2ox, GA3ox, and GA20ox subfamilies. Based on orthogroup (OG) analysis, GAox genes were divided into nine OGs and the number of GAox genes in each of the OGs was similar among all tested crops, which indicated that GAox genes may have completed their family differentiations before the species differentiations of the tested species. The motif composition of GAox proteins showed that motifs 1, 2, 4, and 5, forming the 2OG-FeII_Oxy domain, were conserved in all identified GAox protein sequences, while motifs 11, 14, and 15 existed specifically in the GA20ox, C19-GA2ox, and C20-GA2ox protein sequences. Subsequently, the results of gene duplication events suggested that GAox genes mainly expanded in the form of WGD/SD and underwent purification selection and that maize had more GAox genes than other species due to its recent duplication events. The cis-acting elements analysis indicated that GAox genes may respond to growth and development, stress, hormones, and light signals. Moreover, the expression profiles of rice and maize showed that GAox genes were predominantly expressed in the panicles of the above two plants and the expression of several GAox genes was significantly induced by salt or cold stresses. In conclusion, our results provided further insight into GAox genes' evolutionary differences among six representative Gramineae and highlighted GAox genes that may play a role in abiotic stress.

Project description:BACKGROUND: Nicotianamine (NA), a ubiquitous molecule in plants, is an important metal ion chelator and the main precursor for phytosiderophores biosynthesis. Considerable progress has been achieved in cloning and characterizing the functions of nicotianamine synthase (NAS) in plants including barley, Arabidopsis and rice. Maize is not only an important cereal crop, but also a model plant for genetics and evolutionary study. The genome sequencing of maize was completed, and many gene families were identified. Although three NAS genes have been characterized in maize, there is still no systematic identification of maize NAS family by genomic mining. RESULTS: In this study, nine NAS genes in maize were identified and their expression patterns in different organs including developing seeds were determined. According to the evolutionary relationship and tissue specific expression profiles of ZmNAS genes, they can be subgrouped into two classes. Moreover, the expression patterns of ZmNAS genes in response to fluctuating metal status were analysed. The class I ZmNAS genes were induced under Fe deficiency and were suppressed under Fe excessive conditions, while the expression pattern of class II genes were opposite to class I. The complementary expression patterns of class I and class II ZmNAS genes confirmed the classification of this family. Furthermore, the histochemical localization of ZmNAS1;1/1;2 and ZmNAS3 were determined using in situ hybridization. It was revealed that ZmNAS1;1/1;2, representing the class I genes, mainly expressed in cortex and stele of roots with sufficient Fe, and its expression can expanded in epidermis, as well as shoot apices under Fe deficient conditions. On the contrary, ZmNAS3, one of the class II genes, was accumulated in axillary meristems, leaf primordia and mesophyll cells. These results suggest that the two classes of ZmNAS genes may be regulated on transcriptional level when responds to various demands for iron uptake, translocation and homeostasis. CONCLUSION: These results provide significant insights into the molecular bases of ZmNAS in balancing iron uptake, translocation and homeostasis in response to fluctuating environmental Fe status.

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Genome-wide analysis of gibberellin-dioxygenases gene family and their responses to GA applications in maize.

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