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Photoelectrochemical water splitting by hybrid organic-inorganic systems: setting the path from 2% to 20% solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency.

ABSTRACT: Promoting solar fuels as a viable alternative to hydrocarbons calls for technologies that couple efficiency, durability, and low cost. In this work we elucidate how hybrid organic-inorganic systems employing hybrid photocathodes (HPC) and perovskite solar cells (PSC) could eventually match these needs, enabling sustainable and clean hydrogen production. First, we demonstrate a system comprising an HPC, a PSC, and a Ru-based oxygen evolution catalyst reaching a solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency above 2%. Moving from this experimental result, we elaborate a perspective for this technology by adapting the existing models to the specific case of an HPC-PSC tandem. We found two very promising scenarios: one with a 10% STH efficiency, achievable using the currently available semiconducting polymers and the widely used methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) PSC, and the other one with a 20% STH efficiency, requiring dedicated development for water-splitting applications of recently reported high-performing organic semiconductors and narrow band-gap perovskites.

SUBMITTER: Alfano A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8121964 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Unassisted photoelectrochemical water splitting exceeding 7% solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency using photon recycling.

Project description:Various tandem cell configurations have been reported for highly efficient and spontaneous hydrogen production from photoelectrochemical solar water splitting. However, there is a contradiction between two main requirements of a front photoelectrode in a tandem cell configuration, namely, high transparency and high photocurrent density. Here we demonstrate a simple yet highly effective method to overcome this contradiction by incorporating a hybrid conductive distributed Bragg reflector on the back side of the transparent conducting substrate for the front photoelectrochemical electrode, which functions as both an optical filter and a conductive counter-electrode of the rear dye-sensitized solar cell. The hybrid conductive distributed Bragg reflectors were designed to be transparent to the long-wavelength part of the incident solar spectrum (?>500?nm) for the rear solar cell, while reflecting the short-wavelength photons (?<500?nm) which can then be absorbed by the front photoelectrochemical electrode for enhanced photocurrent generation.

| S-EPMC5476685 | biostudies-literature

Unassisted photoelectrochemical CO<sub>2</sub>-to-liquid fuel splitting over 12% solar conversion efficiency.

Project description:The increasing need to control anthropogenic CO2 emissions and conversion to fuels features the necessity for innovative solutions, one of which is photoelectrochemical system. This approach, capable of yielding gaseous production progressively, is facing challenges for liquid fuels generation due to optical, electrical, and catalytic properties. This study employs a standalone photoelectrochemical setup, in which InGaP/GaAs/Ge photoanode is integrated with tin-modified bismuth oxide cathode to convert CO2 into liquid formic acid. In unassisted two-electrode assembly, setup exemplifies its operational durability for 100 h, during which it maintains an average Faradaic efficiency of 88% with 17.3 mmol L-1 h-1 of yield, thereby excelling in average solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency at 12% with 60% of electrical energy efficiency under one sun illumination. This significant performance is further associated with metal-semiconductor interface formation between tin and bismuth oxide, which bridges electronic structures and generates an electric field at their interfaces. This study outperforms conventional solar-driven systems in operational durability and liquid fuel production.

| S-EPMC11324881 | biostudies-literature

An efficient and stable photoelectrochemical system with 9% solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency via InGaP/GaAs double junction.

Project description:Despite III-V semiconductors demonstrating extraordinary solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiencies, high cost and poor stability greatly impede their practical implementation in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting applications. Here, we present a simple and efficient strategy for III-V-based photoelectrodes that functionally and spatially decouples the light harvesting component of the device from the electrolysis part that eliminates parasitic light absorption, reduces the cost, and enhances the stability without any compromise in efficiency. The monolithically integrated PEC cell was fabricated by an epitaxial lift-off and transfer of inversely grown InGaP/GaAs to a robust Ni-substrate and the resultant photoanode exhibits an STH efficiency of ~9% with stability ~150?h. Moreover, with the ability to access both sides of the device, we constructed a fully-integrated, unassisted-wireless "artificial leaf" system with an STH efficiency of ~6%. The excellent efficiency and stability achieved herein are attributed to the light harvesting/catalysis decoupling scheme, which concurrently improves the optical, electrical, and electrocatalytic characteristics.

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Concentrated Solar Light Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting for Stable and High-Yield Hydrogen Production.

Project description:Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising technique for converting solar energy into low-cost and eco-friendly H2 fuel. However, the production rate of H2 is limited by the insufficient number of photogenerated charge carriers in the conventional photoelectrodes under 1 sun (100 mW cm-2) light. Concentrated solar light irradiation can overcome the issue of low yield, but it leads to a new challenge of stability because the accelerated reaction alters the surface chemical composition of photoelectrodes. Here, it is demonstrated that loading Pt nanoparticles (NPs) on single crystalline GaN nanowires (NWs) grown on n+-p Si photoelectrode operates efficiently and stably under concentrated solar light. Although a large number of Pt NPs detach during the initial reaction due to H2 gas bubbling, some Pt NPs which have an epitaxial relation with GaN NWs remain stably anchored. In addition, the stability of the photoelectrode further improves by redepositing Pt NPs on the reacted Pt/GaN surface, which results in maintaining onset potential >0.5 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode and photocurrent density >60 mA cm-2 for over 1500 h. The heterointerface between Pt cocatalysts and single crystalline GaN nanostructures shows great potential in designing an efficient and stable photoelectrode for high-yield solar to H2 conversion.

| S-EPMC11234434 | biostudies-literature

Efficiency limits for photoelectrochemical water-splitting.

Project description:Theoretical limiting efficiencies have a critical role in determining technological viability and expectations for device prototypes, as evidenced by the photovoltaics community's focus on detailed balance. However, due to their multicomponent nature, photoelectrochemical devices do not have an equivalent analogue to detailed balance, and reported theoretical efficiency limits vary depending on the assumptions made. Here we introduce a unified framework for photoelectrochemical device performance through which all previous limiting efficiencies can be understood and contextualized. Ideal and experimentally realistic limiting efficiencies are presented, and then generalized using five representative parameters-semiconductor absorption fraction, external radiative efficiency, series resistance, shunt resistance and catalytic exchange current density-to account for imperfect light absorption, charge transport and catalysis. Finally, we discuss the origin of deviations between the limits discussed herein and reported water-splitting efficiencies. This analysis provides insight into the primary factors that determine device performance and a powerful handle to improve device efficiency.

| S-EPMC5146289 | biostudies-literature

Solar water splitting by photovoltaic-electrolysis with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency over 30.

Project description:Hydrogen production via electrochemical water splitting is a promising approach for storing solar energy. For this technology to be economically competitive, it is critical to develop water splitting systems with high solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiencies. Here we report a photovoltaic-electrolysis system with the highest STH efficiency for any water splitting technology to date, to the best of our knowledge. Our system consists of two polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysers in series with one InGaP/GaAs/GaInNAsSb triple-junction solar cell, which produces a large-enough voltage to drive both electrolysers with no additional energy input. The solar concentration is adjusted such that the maximum power point of the photovoltaic is well matched to the operating capacity of the electrolysers to optimize the system efficiency. The system achieves a 48-h average STH efficiency of 30%. These results demonstrate the potential of photovoltaic-electrolysis systems for cost-effective solar energy storage.

| S-EPMC5095559 | biostudies-literature

Stabilizing Organic-Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells With Efficiency Beyond 20.

Project description:The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has exceeded 25%, approaching the best record of their silicon counterpart. However, lifetime issues still stand between PSCs and the goal of mass commercialization. For instance, most photoactive perovskites are hydrophilic, and moisture can quickly turn some of their constituents to compounds yielding trap states. Some perovskites are not thermally stable in the temperature window of solar cell operation and will transform into photo-inactive non-perovskites. If a perovskite is of an inadequate quality, e.g., vacancies, surface area, or grain boundaries per unit volume are high, there exist more defect sites, acting as migration pathways for perovskite ions under photo-bias, and the migration changes the perovskite's composition. An unstable perovskite/charge transport material (CTM) interface allows cross-contamination between molecules from both sides of the interface. Even without external stress, perovskite ions in an operating PSC undergo redox processes, which create defect states or initiate chemical chain reactions to accelerate PSC degradation. This mini-review discussed recent progress in solving issues, including the above, to stabilize PSCs with competitive PCE beyond 20%. The remarkable longevity of 15 PSCs under accelerated aging tests was probed in depth from three viewpoints: (1) perovskite compositions and dopants, (2) perovskite additives, and (3) CTMs. This mini-review, within which crucial perovskite-stabilizing methods were systematically analyzed, can be used as a quick-start guide when dealing with PSCs' stability in the future.

| S-EPMC7399487 | biostudies-literature

Solar water splitting in a molecular photoelectrochemical cell.

Project description:Artificial photosynthesis and the production of solar fuels could be a key element in a future renewable energy economy providing a solution to the energy storage problem in solar energy conversion. We describe a hybrid strategy for solar water splitting based on a dye sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell. It uses a derivatized, core-shell nanostructured photoanode with the core a high surface area conductive metal oxide film--indium tin oxide or antimony tin oxide--coated with a thin outer shell of TiO2 formed by atomic layer deposition. A "chromophore-catalyst assembly" 1, [(PO3H2)2bpy)2Ru(4-Mebpy-4-bimpy)Rub(tpy)(OH2)](4+), which combines both light absorber and water oxidation catalyst in a single molecule, was attached to the TiO2 shell. Visible photolysis of the resulting core-shell assembly structure with a Pt cathode resulted in water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen with an absorbed photon conversion efficiency of 4.4% at peak photocurrent.

| S-EPMC3864317 | biostudies-literature

Thermoelectric-Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting under Concentrated Solar Irradiation.

Project description:Photoelectrochemical devices could play a crucial role toward fuel production in a circular economy. Yet, light absorption suffers losses from thermalization and the inability to use low-energy photons. Here, we demonstrate that photoelectrochemical reactors can utilize this waste heat by integrating thermoelectric modules, which provide additional voltage under concentrated light irradiation. While most single semiconductors require external bias, we already accomplish unassisted water splitting under 2 sun irradiation by wiring a BiVO4 photoanode to a thermoelectric element, whereas the photocurrent of a perovskite-BiVO4 tandem system is enhanced 1.7-fold at 5 sun. This strategy is particularly suitable for photoanodes with more positive onset potentials like hematite, with thermoelectric-perovskite-Fe2O3 systems achieving a 29.7× overall photocurrent increase at 5 sun over conventional perovskite-Fe2O3 devices without light concentration. This thermal management approach provides a universal strategy to facilitate widespread solar fuel production, as light concentration increases output, reduces the reactor size and cost, and may enhance catalysis.

| S-EPMC10311528 | biostudies-literature

Perovskite/CIGS Spectral Splitting Double Junction Solar Cell with 28% Power Conversion Efficiency.

Project description:The highest theoretical efficiency of double junction solar cells is predicted for architectures with the bottom cell bandgap (E g ) of approximately 0.9-1.0 eV, which is lower than that of a typical Si cell (1.1 eV). Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 (CIGS) solar cells exhibit a tunable E g depending on their elemental composition and depth profile. In this study, various CIGS solar cells with E g ranging from 1.02 to 1.14 eV are prepared and a spectrum splitting system is used to experimentally demonstrate the effect of using lower-E g cells as the bottom cell of two-junction solar cells. The four-terminal tandem cell configuration fabricated using a mixed-halide perovskite top cell (E g = 1.59 eV; stand-alone efficiency = 21.0%) and CIGS bottom cell (E g = 1.02 eV; stand-alone efficiency = 21.5%) with a 775-nm spectral splitting mirror exhibits an efficiency of 28.0% at the aperture area of 1 cm2.

| S-EPMC8164171 | biostudies-literature

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