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Dietary Micronutrients and Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cohort Study with 12 Year Follow-Up.

ABSTRACT: We investigated the association between dietary micronutrient intakes and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Ansan-Ansung study of the Korean Genome and Epidemiologic Study (KoGES), a population-based prospective cohort study. Of 9079 cohort participants with a baseline estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m² and a urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) <300 mg/g and who were not diagnosed with CKD, we ascertained 1392 new CKD cases over 12 year follow-up periods. The risk of CKD according to dietary micronutrient intakes was presented using hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) in a full multivariable Cox proportional hazard models, adjusted for multiple micronutrients and important clinico-epidemiological risk factors. Low dietary intakes of phosphorus (<400 mg/day), vitamin B2 (<0.7 mg/day) and high dietary intake of vitamin B6 (≥1.6 mg/day) and C (≥100 mg/day) were associated with an increased risk of CKD stage 3B and over, compared with the intake at recommended levels (HR = 6.78 [95%CI = 2.18-21.11]; HR = 2.90 [95%CI = 1.01-8.33]; HR = 2.71 [95%CI = 1.26-5.81]; HR = 1.83 [95%CI = 1.00-3.33], respectively). In the restricted population, excluding new CKD cases defined within 2 years, an additional association with low folate levels (<100 µg/day) in higher risk of CKD stage 3B and over was observed (HR = 6.72 [95%CI = 1.40-32.16]). None of the micronutrients showed a significant association with the risk of developing CKD stage 3A. Adequate intake of micronutrients may lower the risk of CKD stage 3B and over, suggesting that dietary guidelines are needed in the general population to prevent CKD.

SUBMITTER: Lee J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8145051 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:ImportanceEarly-onset myopia is well known to progress to high myopia in adulthood. However, no accurate estimation of how a specific age at myopia onset is associated with the probability of developing high myopia in adulthood is available, and a very-long-term follow-up study with data from annual visits is needed.ObjectiveTo estimate the risk of developing high myopia in adulthood associated with a specific age at myopia onset from a data set with a 12-year annual follow-up.Design, setting, and participantsThis ongoing, population-based prospective cohort study of twins was conducted in Guangzhou, China, on July 11, 2006. Data from baseline to August 31, 2018, were analyzed. The first-born twins completed follow-up until 17 years or older, and the 443 participants (after exclusions) who developed myopia were included in the analysis. Data were analyzed from September 1, 2018, to January 20, 2020.Main outcomes and measuresAge at myopia onset was determined by prospective annual cycloplegic refractions (365 participants [82.4%]) or with a questionnaire. Refraction in adulthood was defined as the cycloplegic refraction measured at the last follow-up visit.ResultsAmong the 443 eligible participants (247 [55.8%] female; mean [SD] age at myopia onset, 11.7 [2.0] years), 54 (12.2%) developed high myopia (spherical equivalent, -6.00 diopters or worse determined by cycloplegic refractions) in adulthood. Among participants with age at myopia onset of 7 or 8 years, 14 of 26 (53.9%; 95% CI, 33.4%-73.4%) developed high myopia in adulthood; among those with onset at 9 years of age, 12 of 37 (32.4%; 95% CI, 18.0%-49.8%); among those with onset at 10 years of age, 14 of 72 (19.4%; 95% CI, 11.1%-30.5%); among those with onset at 11 years of age, 11 of 78 (14.1%; 95% CI, 7.3%-23.8%); and among those with onset at 12 years or older, 3 of 230 (1.3%; 95% CI, 0.2%-3.8%). Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that the risk of developing high myopia in adulthood decreased significantly with delay in the age at myopia onset (odds ratio, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.36-0.55; P < .001), from greater than 50% for 7 or 8 years of age to approximately 30% for 9 years of age and 20% for 10 years of age.Conclusions and relevanceThese findings suggest that the risk of high myopia is relatively high in children with myopia onset during the early school ages. Each year of delay in the age at onset substantially reduces the chance of developing high myopia in adulthood, highlighting the importance of identifying effective prevention strategies under investigation, such as increasing outdoor time.

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Dietary Micronutrients and Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cohort Study with 12 Year Follow-Up.

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