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PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy inhibits warangalone-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in breast cancer cells.

ABSTRACT: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women all around the world, especially in many countries in Asia. However, antitumor drugs with unique curative effects and low toxic side-effects have not been found yet. Warangalone is an isoflavone extracted from the Cudrania tricuspidata fruit, and is reported to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of warangalone on breast cancer cells. In this study, we found that warangalone decreased the viability of breast cancer cells by increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in mitochondrial damage and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Warangalone induced mitochondrial apoptosis by increasing the BAX/BCL-2 ratio. Warangalone activated mitophagy via upregulation of PINK1 and Parkin expression and co-localization. The combination of warangalone and autophagy inhibitors or PINK1 siRNA increased the degree of cell apoptosis compared to treatment with warangalone alone. Warangalone damages mitochondria via ROS, thereby triggering PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy and inducing mitochondrial apoptosis. However, autophagy/mitophagy protects against warangalone-induced mitochondrial apoptosis. A combination of warangalone and autophagy/mitophagy inhibitors may be a potential treatment for breast cancer.

SUBMITTER: Mao L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8148507 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundMechanical ventilation (MV) often leads to ventilation-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD). Although the development of this disorder had been linked to oxidative stress, mitochondrial energy deficiency, autophagy activation, and apoptosis in the diaphragm, it remains unclear whether the activation of mitophagy can induce VIDD. With our research, our endeavor is to uncover whether PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin-mediated mitophagy affects the MV-caused diaphragmatic dysfunction.MethodsSprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MV treatment for 6 h (MV-6h), 12 h (MV-12h), or 24 h (MV-24h). Post MV, the diaphragm muscle compound action potential (CMAP) and cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the diaphragm of these rats were measured. The levels of proteins of interest were examined to assess muscle health, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy in the diaphragm. The co-localization of PINK1 with the mitochondrial protein marker tom20 was examined, as well as transmission electron microscopy analysis to detect changes in diaphragm mitochondrial ultrastructure.ResultsMV-12h and MV-24h treatments resulted in a decrease in CSA of diaphragm and CMAP amplitude. In addition, the expressions of F-box (MFAbx), muscle-specific ring finger 1 (MURF1), PINK1, and p62 were elevated in rats treated with MV for 12 h and 24 h, while mfn2 expression was reduced. Rats following MV-24h treatment displayed an increase in mitochondrial dynamic protein (Drp1) and Parkin expression and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3/1 (LC3II/I) ratio. Moreover, decreased SOD and GSH activity and membrane potential were observed after MV-12h and MV-24h treatment, while H2O2 activity increased after MV-24h treatment. In addition, a strong co-localization between PINK1 and tom20 was identified.ConclusionThese results reveal that MV leads to various changes in mitochondrial dynamics and significantly increases the mitophagy levels, which subsequently cause the variation in diaphragmatic function and muscle atrophy, indicating that mitophagy could be one of the possible mechanisms by which MV induces diaphragmatic dysfunction.The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.

Project description:MitoNEET, a mitochondrial outer membrane protein containing the Asn-Glu-Glu-Thr (NEET) sequence, controls the formation of intermitochondrial junctions and confers autophagy resistance. Moreover, mitoNEET as a mitochondrial substrate undergoes ubiquitination by activated Parkin during the initiation of mitophagy. Therefore, mitoNEET is linked to the regulation of autophagy and mitophagy. Mitophagy is the selective removal of the damaged or unnecessary mitochondria, which is crucial to sustaining mitochondrial quality control. In numerous human diseases, the accumulation of damaged mitochondria by impaired mitophagy has been observed. However, the therapeutic strategy targeting of mitoNEET as a mitophagy-enhancing mediator requires further research. Herein, we confirmed that mitophagy is indeed activated by mitoNEET inhibition. CCCP (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone), which leads to mitochondrial depolarization, induces mitochondrial dysfunction and superoxide production. This, in turn, contributes to the induction of mitophagy; mitoNEET protein levels were initially increased before an increase in LC3-Ⅱ protein following CCCP treatment. Pharmacological inhibition of mitoNEET using mitoNEET Ligand-1 (NL-1) promoted accumulation of Pink1 and Parkin, which are mitophagy-associated proteins, and activation of mitochondria-lysosome crosstalk, in comparison to CCCP alone. Inhibition of mitoNEET using NL-1, or mitoNEET shRNA transfected into RAW264.7 cells, abrogated CCCP-induced ROS and mitochondrial cell death; additionally, it activated the expression of PGC-1α and SOD2, regulators of oxidative metabolism. In particular, the increase in PGC-1α, which is a major regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, promotes mitochondrial quality control. These results indicated that mitoNEET is a potential therapeutic target in numerous human diseases to enhance mitophagy and protect cells by maintaining a network of healthy mitochondria. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(7): 354-359].

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PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy inhibits warangalone-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in breast cancer cells.

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