Zinc drives vasorelaxation by acting in sensory nerves, endothelium and smooth muscle.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Betrie AH
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8169932 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The expression of nearly all smooth muscle genes are controlled by serum response factor binding sites in their promoter regions. However, SRF alone is not sufficient for regulating smooth muscle cell development. It associates with other cardiovascular specific cofactors to regulate smooth muscle gene expression. Previously, we showed that the transcription co-factor CRP2 was a regulator of smooth muscle gene expression. Here, we report that CSRP2BP, a coactivator for CRP2, is a histone acetyltransferase and a driver of smooth muscle gene expression. CSRP2BP directly interacted with SRF, CRP2 and myocardin. CSRP2BP synergistically activated smooth muscle gene promoters in an SRF-dependent manner. A combination of SRF, GATA6 and CRP2 required CSRP2BP for robust smooth muscle gene promoter activity. Knock-down of Csrp2bp in smooth muscle cells resulted in reduced smooth muscle gene expression. We conclude that the CSRP2BP histone acetyltransferase is a coactivator for CRP2 that works synergistically with SRF and myocardin to regulate smooth muscle gene expression.
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Project description:BackgroundThe primary underlying defect in cystic fibrosis (CF) is disrupted ion transport in epithelia throughout the body. It is unclear if symptoms such as airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) volume in people with CF are due to inherent abnormalities in smooth muscle or are secondary to epithelial dysfunction. Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (TGFβ) is an established genetic modifier of CF lung disease and a known driver of abnormal ASM function. Prior studies have demonstrated that CF mice develop greater AHR, goblet cell hyperplasia, and ASM hypertrophy after pulmonary TGFβ exposure. However, the mechanism driving these abnormalities in CF lung disease, specifically the contribution of CFTR loss in ASM, was unknown.MethodsIn this study, mice with smooth muscle-specific loss of CFTR function (Cftrfl/fl; SM-Cre mice) were exposed to pulmonary TGFβ. The impact on lung pathology and physiology was investigated through examination of lung mechanics, Western blot analysis, and pulmonary histology.ResultsCftrfl/fl; SM-Cre mice treated with TGFβ demonstrated greater methacholine-induced AHR than control mice. However, Cftrfl/fl; SM-Cre mice did not develop increased inflammation, ASM area, or goblet cell hyperplasia relative to controls following TGFβ exposure.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate a direct smooth muscle contribution to CF airway obstruction mediated by TGFβ. Dysfunction in non-epithelial tissues should be considered in the development of CF therapeutics, including potential genetic therapies.
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Project description:Vascular endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC) require a decrease in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration after activation. This can be achieved by Ca2+ sequestration by the sarco-/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pumps (SERCA) and Ca2+ extrusion by plasma membrane Ca2+ pumps (PMCA) and Na+-Ca2+-exchangers (NCX). Since the two cell types differ in their structure and function, we compared the activities of PMCA, NCX and SERCA in pig coronary artery EC and SMC, the types of isoforms expressed using RT-PCR, and their protein abundance using Western blots. The activity of NCX is higher in EC than in SMC but those of PMCA and SERCA is lower. Consistently, the protein abundance for NCX protein is higher in EC than in SMC and those of PMCA and SERCA is lower. Based on RT-PCR experiments, the types of RNA present are as follows: EC for PMCA1 while SMC for PMCA4 and PMCA1; EC for SERCA2 and SERCA3 and SMC for SERCA2. Both EC and SMC express NCX1 (mainly NCX1.3). PMCA, SERCA and NCX differ in their affinities for Ca2+ and regulation. Based on these observations and the literature, we conclude that the tightly regulated Ca2+ removal systems in SMC are consistent with the cyclical control of contractility of the filaments and those in EC are consistent with Ca2+ regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase near the cell surface. The differences between EC and SMC should be considered in therapeutic interventions of cardiovascular diseases.
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Project description:Endothelial oxidative stress develops with aging and reactive oxygen species impair endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) by decreasing nitric oxide (NO) availability. Endothelial KCa 3.1, which contributes to EDR, is upregulated by H2 O2 . We investigated whether KCa 3.1 upregulation compensates for diminished EDR to NO during aging-related oxidative stress. Previous studies identified that the levels of ceramide synthase 5 (CerS5), sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate were increased in aged wild-type and CerS2 mice. In primary mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs) from aged wild-type and CerS2 null mice, superoxide dismutase (SOD) was upregulated, and catalase and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) were downregulated, when compared to MAECs from young and age-matched wild-type mice. Increased H2 O2 levels induced Fyn and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) phosphorylation and KCa 3.1 upregulation. Catalase/GPX1 double knockout (catalase(-/-) /GPX1(-/-) ) upregulated KCa 3.1 in MAECs. NO production was decreased in aged wild-type, CerS2 null, and catalase(-/-) /GPX1(-/-) MAECs. However, KCa 3.1 activation-induced, N(G) -nitro-l-arginine-, and indomethacin-resistant EDR was increased without a change in acetylcholine-induced EDR in aortic rings from aged wild-type, CerS2 null, and catalase(-/-) /GPX1(-/-) mice. CerS5 transfection or exogenous application of sphingosine or sphingosine 1-phosphate induced similar changes in levels of the antioxidant enzymes and upregulated KCa 3.1. Our findings suggest that, during aging-related oxidative stress, SOD upregulation and downregulation of catalase and GPX1, which occur upon altering the sphingolipid composition or acyl chain length, generate H2 O2 and thereby upregulate KCa 3.1 expression and function via a H2 O2 /Fyn-mediated pathway. Altogether, enhanced KCa 3.1 activity may compensate for decreased NO signaling during vascular aging.
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Project description:Gut microbiota are emerging as potential contributors to the regulation of host homeostasis. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota associated with increased intestinal permeability facilitates the passage of endotoxins and other microbial products, including indoxyl sulfate in the circulation. Although an emerging body of evidence has suggested that indoxyl sulfate is a key substance for the development of chronic kidney disease, few studies have investigated the direct association of indoxyl sulfate with vascular function. We hypothesized that indoxyl sulfate adversely affects vascular function. Aortas isolated from male Wistar rat were examined in the presence or absence of indoxyl sulfate to assess the vascular function, including vasorelaxation and vasocontraction. Indoxyl sulfate (vs. vehicle) (1) decreased vasorelaxation induced by acetylcholine (ACh) but not by sodium nitroprusside; (2) had no significant alterations of noradrenaline-induced vasocontraction in the absence and presence of endothelium; (3) decreased adenylyl cyclase activator (forskolin)-induced vasorelaxation, while such a difference was eliminated by endothelial denudation; and (4) decreased vasorelaxations induced by calcium ionophore (A23187) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 agonist (GSK1016790A). The indoxyl sulfate-induced decrease in the vasorelaxations induced by ACh and A23187 increased by cell-permeant superoxide dismutase or by organic anion transporter inhibitor. However, apocynin, an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, had no effects on vasorelaxations induced by ACh, A23187, forskolin, and GSK1016790A in the presence of indoxyl sulfate. These results suggest that indoxyl sulfate directly affects the vascular function, particularly, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, and this effect may be attributable to increased oxidative stress after cell transportion via organic anion transporter, and such increased oxidative stress may not be attributable to activation of NADPH oxidase activation.
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