Management of gastrointestinal services in Tamil Nadu, India, during COVID-19.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Ramakrishnan A
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8172353 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:IntroductionThe EQ-5D-5L questionnaire is a tool that is a very generic and preference-based instrument to describe the health-related quality of life. We have generated the stratified index utility value for the Tamil Nadu population and compared the utility values based on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics.MethodsWe conducted a community-based analytical cross-sectional study using telephonic interviews from November 2020 till December 2020 among individuals aged 18 years and above who were infected by the coronavirus confirmed with an RT-PCR within 30 days in Tamil Nadu State. EQ-5D-5L profile, socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants were collected and analysed.ResultsWe interviewed 372 participants, with 57.5% were males, and their mean age was 44.5 ± 15.3 years. About 40% of participants reported as having comorbidities, such as diabetes (19.4%), hypertension (12.4%), heart disease (2.4%), kidney disease (0.8%) and others. The mean EQ-5D utility score was 0.925 ± 0.150, and the mean EQ-VAS was 90.68 ± 11.81. Overall, men had a higher utility value (0.938 ± 0.130) than women, (0.907 ± 0.170). Individuals with comorbidities, requiring longer hospitalisation were having lower utility scores than their counterparts.ConclusionWe report the EQ-5D-5L utility values for the COVID-19 illness. These values would help to estimate quality-adjusted life years in health economic evaluation studies.
| S-EPMC8739503 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Vitamin D has multifarious roles in maintenance of health and prevention of disease. The present study was undertaken to assess the vitamin D status of a rural adult south Indian population and to identify its associations with socioeconomic status and cultural practices. METHODS:Between June 2015 and July 2016, 424 healthy adults residing in Kattankulathur block in Tamil Nadu, India, provided venous blood samples and answered questions by personal interview. 25-hydroxy vitamin D was estimated by ELISA. RESULTS:Fifty nine (13.9%) of the 424 participants had 25OHD levels below 12?ng/mL (vitamin D deficient) and 175 (41.3%) had 25OHD levels between 12 to 20?ng/mL (vitamin D insufficiency). In univariate analysis, demographic factors associated with vitamin D status included education, occupation, socioeconomic class, and birthplace; lifestyle factors included sun exposure time, skin surface exposed to sunlight, use of sunscreen, awareness of vitamin D, and consumption of fish; and hygiene related factors included source of drinking water, availability of tap water at home, and closed toilet at home. In ordinal logistic regression, the following variables were found to be independently associated with vitamin D sufficiency: Duration of daily sun exposure below 30?min (Odds ratio 0.31, 95% confidence intervals 0.14-0.71, P?=?0.006), sun exposure 30-60?min (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.30-0.80, P?=?0.004), male gender (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.30-3.09, P?=?0.002), higher level of education (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69-0.94, P?=?0.005), non-consumption of fatty fish (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.24-0.85, P?=?0.035) and presence of closed toilet system at home (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.37-0.93). CONCLUSION:VDD and VDI are highly prevalent in this rural Indian community. The study identifies socioeconomic and behavior patterns that negatively impact vitamin D sufficiency, thus providing a basis for targeted intervention.
| S-EPMC6280507 | biostudies-other
Project description:OBJECTIVE: To isolate novel actinomycetes and to evaluate their antibacterial activity. METHODS: Three soil samples were collected from Vengodu (village) in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. Actinomycetes were isolated using serial dilution and plating method on actinomycetes isolation agar. RESULTS: Totally 35 isolates were obtained on the basis of colony characteristics on actinomycetes isolation agar. All the isolates were screened for antibacterial activity by cross streak method. Medium and optimization of day were done for the potent strains using Nathan's agar well diffusion method. Isolation of bioactive compounds from significant active isolates was done by using different media. The most active isolate VAS 10 was identified as Actinobacterium Loyola PBT VAS 10 (accession No. JF501398) using 16s rRNA sequence method. The hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and butanol extracts of VAS 10 were tested against bacteria. The maximum antibacterial activity was observed in dichloromethane and ethyl acetate; maximum zones of inhibition were observed against Enterococcus durans. The rRNA secondary structure and the restriction sites of Actinobacterium Loyola VAS 10 were predicted using Genebee and NEBCutter online tools respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that among the isolated actinomycetes, Actinobacterium Loyola PBT VAS 10 (accession No. JF501398) showed good antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria.
| S-EPMC3621468 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionHyperglycaemia in pregnancy (HIP), i.e. gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and diabetes in pregnancy (DIP), increases the risk of various short- and long-term adverse outcomes. However, much remains to be understood about the role of different risk factors in development of HIP.ObjectiveThe aims of this observational study were to examine the role of potential risk factors for HIP, and to investigate whether any single or accumulated risk factor(s) could be used to predict HIP among women attending GDM screening at three centres in urban, semi-urban and rural Tamil Nadu, India.MethodologyPregnant women underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Data on potential risk factors was collected and analysed using logistical regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were calculated for significant risk factors and a risk factor scoring variable was constructed.ResultsHIP was prevalent in 18.9% of the study population (16.3% GDM; 2.6% DIP). Increasing age and BMI as well as having a mother only or both parents with diabetes were significant independent risk factors for HIP. Among women attending the rural health centre a doubling of income corresponded to an 80% increased risk of HIP (OR 1.80, 95%CI 1.10-2.93; p = 0.019), whereas it was not significantly associated with HIP among women attending the other health centres. The performance of the individual risk factors and the constructed scoring variable differed substantially between the three health centres, but none of them were good enough to discriminate between those with and without HIP.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the importance of socio-economic circumstances and intergenerational risk transmission in the occurrence of HIP as well as the need for universal screening.
| S-EPMC4798719 | biostudies-literature
Project description:India retains the world's largest burden of anemia despite decades of economic growth and anemia prevention programming. Accurate screening and estimates of anemia prevalence are critical for successful anemia control. Evidence is mixed on the performance of HemoCue, a point-of-care testing device most widely used for large-scale surveys. The use of dried blood spots (DBS) to assess hemoglobin (Hb) concentration is a potential alternative, particularly in field settings. The objective of this study is to assess Hb measurement agreement between capillary HemoCue and DBS among two age groups, children 6-59 months and females age 12-40 years. We analyzed data from the baseline round of a cluster randomized rice fortification intervention in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, India. Capillary blood was collected from a subset of participants for Hb assessment by HemoCue 301 and DBS methods. We calculated Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, and tested bias by conducting paired t-tests of Hb concentration. Independence of the bias and Hb magnitude was examined visually using Bland-Altman plots and statistically tested by Pearson's correlation. We assessed differences in anemia classification using McNemar's test of marginal homogeneity. Concordance between HemoCue and DBS Hb measures was moderate for both children 6-59 months (ρc = 0.67; 95% CI 0.65, 0.71) and females 12-40 years (ρc = 0.67: 95% CI 0.64, 0.69). HemoCue measures were on average 0.06 g/dL higher than DBS for children (95% CI 0.002, 0.12; p = 0.043) and 0.29 g/dL lower than DBS for females (95% CI - 0.34, - 0.23; p < 0.0001). 50% and 56% of children were classified as anemic according to HemoCue and DBS, respectively (p < 0.0001). 55% and 47% of females were classified as anemic according to HemoCue and DBS, respectively (p < 0.0001). There is moderate statistical agreement of Hb concentration between HemoCue and DBS for both age groups. The choice of Hb assessment method has important implications for individual anemia diagnosis and population prevalence estimates. Further research is required to understand factors that influence the accuracy and reliability of DBS as a methodology for Hb assessment.
| S-EPMC8085154 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimThe present study was carried out to find out the causative agent of exanthematous skin lesions in sheep maintained by Southern Regional Research Centre, Mannavanur, Kodai hills, Tamil Nadu.Materials and methodsPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Orf virus (ORFV) B2L gene-specific primers was carried out by employing the total genomic DNA isolated from the scabs as the template. The ORFV isolates from Kodai hills were characterized by the use of bioinformatics tools.ResultsThe amino acid identity of ORFV isolate 1 from Kodai hills is having 98.14%, 96.29%, and 83.59% identity with reference strains of ORFV, Pseudocowpox virus, and bovine papular stomatitis virus, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ORFV isolates from Kodai hills clustered with the other ORFV isolates from different geographical areas of India.ConclusionThe etiological agent of exanthematous skin lesion among sheep of Kodai hills is ORFV.
| S-EPMC6702573 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeGovernment of Tamil Nadu, India, mandated the face mask wearing in public places as one of the mitigation measures of COVID-19. We established a surveillance system for monitoring the face mask usage. This study aimed to estimate the proportion of the population who wear face masks appropriately (covering nose, mouth, and chin) in the slums and non-slums of Chennai at different time points.MethodsWe conducted cross-sectional surveys among the residents of Chennai at two-time points of October and December 2020. The sample size for outdoor mask compliance for the first and second rounds of the survey was 1800 and 1600, respectively, for each of the two subgroups-slums and non-slums. In the second round, we included 640 individuals each in the slums and non-slums indoor public places and 1650 individuals in eleven shopping malls. We calculated the proportions and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for the mask compliance outdoors and indoors by age, gender, region, and setting (slum and non-slum).ResultsWe observed 3600 and 3200 individuals in the first and second surveys, respectively, for outdoor mask compliance. In both rounds, the prevalence of appropriate mask use outdoors was significantly lower in the slums (28%-29%) than non-slum areas (36%-35%) of Chennai (p<0.01). Outdoor mask compliance was similar within slum and non-slum subgroups across the two surveys. Lack of mask use was higher in the non-slums in the second round (50%) than in the first round of the survey (43%) (p<0.05). In the indoor settings in the 2nd survey, 10%-11% among 1280 individuals wore masks appropriately. Of the 1650 observed in the malls, 947 (57%) wore masks appropriately.ConclusionNearly one-third of residents of Chennai, India, correctly wore masks in public places. We recommend periodic surveys, enforcement of mask compliance in public places, and mass media campaigns to promote appropriate mask use.
| S-EPMC8462676 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The study aimed to determine costs to the state government of implementing different interventions for controlling rabies among the entire human and animal populations of Tamil Nadu. This built upon an earlier assessment of Tamil Nadu's efforts to control rabies. Anti-rabies vaccines were made available at all health facilities. Costs were estimated for five different combinations of animal and human interventions using an activity-based costing approach from the provider perspective. Disease and population data were sourced from the state surveillance data, human census and livestock census. Program costs were extrapolated from official documents. All capital costs were depreciated to estimate annualized costs. All costs were inflated to 2012 Rupees. Sensitivity analysis was conducted across all major cost centres to assess their relative impact on program costs. It was found that the annual costs of providing Anti-rabies vaccine alone and in combination with Immunoglobulins was $0.7 million (Rs 36 million) and $2.2 million (Rs 119 million), respectively. For animal sector interventions, the annualised costs of rolling out surgical sterilisation-immunization, injectable immunization and oral immunizations were estimated to be $ 44 million (Rs 2,350 million), $23 million (Rs 1,230 million) and $ 11 million (Rs 590 million), respectively. Dog bite incidence, health systems coverage and cost of rabies biologicals were found to be important drivers of costs for human interventions. For the animal sector interventions, the size of dog catching team, dog population and vaccine costs were found to be driving the costs. Rabies control in Tamil Nadu seems a costly proposition the way it is currently structured. Policy makers in Tamil Nadu and other similar settings should consider the long-term financial sustainability before embarking upon a state or nation-wide rabies control programme.
| S-EPMC3937306 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We aimed to define characteristics of TB patients in Puducherry and two districts of Tamil Nadu, India and calculate the population attributable fractions (PAF) of TB from malnutrition and alcohol.New smear-positive TB cases were enrolled into the Regional Prospective Observational Research for Tuberculosis (RePORT India) cohort. Census and National Family Health Survey data were used for comparisons.Data were analyzed for 409 participants enrolled between May 2014-June 2016; 307 (75.1%) were male, 60.2% were malnourished (body mass index [BMI] <18.5 kg/m2), and 29.1% severely malnourished (BMI <16). "Hazardous" alcohol use (based on AUDIT-C score) was reported by 155/305 (50.8%) of males. Tuberculosis cases were more likely than the Puducherry population to be malnourished (62.6% v 10.2% males and 71.7% v 11.3% of females; both p<0.001), and male cases were more likely to use alcohol than male non-cases (84.4% v 41%; p < .001). The PAF of malnutrition was 57.4% in males and 61.5% in females; the PAF for alcohol use was 73.8% in males and 1.7% in females.Alcohol use in men and malnutrition are helping drive the TB epidemic in Southern India. Reducing the TB burden in this population will require efforts to mitigate these risk factors.
| S-EPMC5568341 | biostudies-other
Project description:The chronicles of nearshore morphology and surficial beach deposits provide valuable information about the nature of the beach condition and the depositional environment. It imparts an understanding about the spatial and temporal relationship of nearshore waves and its influence over the distribution of beach sediments. This article contains data about wave and sediment dynamics of the ten sandy beaches along the central Tamil Nadu coast, India. This present dataset comprises nearshore wave parameters, breaker wave type, beach morphodynamic state, grain size distribution and weight percentage of heavy and light mineral distribution. The dataset will figure out the beach morphology and hydrodynamic condition with respect to the different monsoonal season. This will act as a field reference to realize the coastal dynamics in an open sea condition. The nearshore entities were obtained from the intensive field survey between January 2011 and December 2011, while characteristics of beach sediments are examined by the chemical process in the laboratory environment.
| S-EPMC5472141 | biostudies-literature