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Photoinduced post-modification of graphitic carbon nitride-embedded hydrogels: synthesis of 'hydrophobic hydrogels' and pore substructuring.

ABSTRACT: Hydrogels are a special class of crosslinked hydrophilic polymers with a high water content through their porous structures. Post-modifications of hydrogels propose an attractive platform so that a variety of fresh functions, which are not arising from initial monomers, could be accessible on a parental network. Photoinduced post-modification of hydrogels by embedding semiconductor nanosheets would be of high interest and novelty. Here, a metal-free semiconductor graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN)-embedded hydrogel as an initial network was synthesized via redox-couple initiation under dark conditions. Post-photomodification of so-formed hydrogel, thanks to the photoactivity of the embedded g-CN nanosheets, was exemplified in two scenarios. The synthesis of 'hydrophobic hydrogel' is reported and its application in delayed cation delivery was investigated. Furthermore, pores of the initial hydrogel were modified by the formation of a secondary polymer network. Such a facile and straightforward synthetic protocol to manufacture functional soft materials will be of high interest in near future by the means of catalysis and agricultural delivery.

SUBMITTER: Esen C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8182687 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Modification of Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Hydrogen Peroxide.

Project description:Graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) was synthetized by heating melamine and then it was thermally exfoliated for 1-3 h in air. Both bulk and exfoliated GCN nanomaterials were treated in the 10-30% aqueous solutions of H2O2 for us to study their modification. The light absorption properties were observed by the reddish color and the red-shifts of their UV-Vis spectra. The content of oxygen increased and hydrogen peroxide was supposed to partially oxidize C-OH groups to C=O ones and to form C-O-C groups instead of edge C-NH-C ones. The GCN structure changes were not observed. However, a surface modification of the GCN materials was recognized by their changed photocatalytic activities tested by means of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) and Rhodamines B (RhB), zeta-potentials, and neutralization titration curves.

| S-EPMC7559342 | biostudies-literature

The development of ZnO nanoparticle-embedded graphitic-carbon nitride towards triple-negative breast cancer therapy.

Project description:The present study deals with the effects of curcumin-loaded ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in graphitic-carbon nitride (g-C3N4) sheets for breast cancer cells. The synthesis of these sheets was carried out by a simple co-precipitation method. The physicochemical and thermal properties of the composite sheets were studied using various characterization techniques. The powder X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite phase of the ZnO nanoparticles, which were randomly distributed on the g-C3N4 nanosheets, generating a finely bonded interface between the two components. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the successful formation of the g-C3N4@ZnO composite, while the thermal studies revealed the thermal stability of the composite. In addition, the drug release and kinetics studies proved that the release of curcumin was more significant under acidic conditions (pH 5) compared with neutral pH (7.4). Further, the biological assays verified the antibacterial activity (against two different cultures of E. coli and S. aureus) and anticancer activity (against MDA-MB-231 cancer cells) of the g-C3N4@ZnO/C nanocomposite. Finally, the lactate dehydrogenase activity assay presented the cytotoxic assessment of the nanocomposite based on its cytoplasmic activity and the extent of enzymes released from the damaged cells.

| S-EPMC10424565 | biostudies-literature

Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Photocatalytic Air Treatment.

Project description:Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a conjugated polymer, which recently drew a lot of attention as a metal-free and UV and visible light responsive photocatalyst in the field of solar energy conversion and environmental remediation. This is due to its appealing electronic band structure, high physicochemical stability and earth-abundant nature. In the present work, bulk g-C3N4 was synthesized by thermal decomposition of melamine. This material was further exfoliated by thermal treatment. S-doped samples were prepared from thiourea or further treatment of exfoliated g-C3N4 by mesylchloride. Synthesized materials were applied for photocatalytic removal of air pollutants (acetaldehyde and NOx) according to the ISO 22197 and ISO 22197-1 methodology. The efficiency of acetaldehyde removal under UV irradiation was negligible for all g-C3N4 samples. This can be explained by the fact that g-C3N4 under irradiation does not directly form hydroxyl radicals, which are the primary oxidation species in acetaldehyde oxidation. It was proved by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy that the dominant species formed on the irradiated surface of g-C3N4 was the superoxide radical. Its production was responsible for a very high NOx removal efficiency not only under UV irradiation (which was comparable with that of TiO2), but also under visible irradiation.

| S-EPMC7372426 | biostudies-literature

Nitrogen-doped Carbon Nanospheres-Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Outstanding Photocatalytic Activity.

Project description:Metals and metal oxides are widely used as photo/electro-catalysts for environmental remediation. However, there are many issues related to these metal-based catalysts for practical applications, such as high cost and detrimental environmental impact due to metal leaching. Carbon-based catalysts have the potential to overcome these limitations. In this study, monodisperse nitrogen-doped carbon nanospheres (NCs) were synthesized and loaded onto graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, GCN) via a facile hydrothermal method for photocatalytic removal of sulfachloropyridazine (SCP). The prepared metal-free GCN-NC exhibited remarkably enhanced efficiency in SCP degradation. The nitrogen content in NC critically influences the physicochemical properties and performances of the resultant hybrids. The optimum nitrogen doping concentration was identified at 6.0 wt%. The SCP removal rates can be improved by a factor of 4.7 and 3.2, under UV and visible lights, by the GCN-NC composite due to the enhanced charge mobility and visible light harvesting. The mechanism of the improved photocatalytic performance and band structure alternation were further investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The DFT results confirm the high capability of the GCN-NC hybrids to activate the electron-hole pairs by reducing the band gap energy and efficiently separating electron/hole pairs. Superoxide and hydroxyl radicals are subsequently produced, leading to the efficient SCP removal.

| S-EPMC7770884 | biostudies-literature

Biopolymer-activated graphitic carbon nitride towards a sustainable photocathode material.

Project description:Photoelectrochemical (PEC) conversion of solar light into chemical fuels is one of the most promising solutions to the challenge of sustainable energy. Graphitic carbon (IV) nitride polymer (g-CN) is an interesting sustainable photocathode material due to low-cost, visible-light sensitivity, and chemical stability up to 500 °C in air. However, grain boundary effects and limited active sites greatly hamper g-CN activity. Here, we demonstrate biopolymer-activation of g-CN through simultaneous soft-templating of a sponge-like structure and incorporation of active carbon-dopant sites. This facile approach results in an almost 300% increase in the cathodic PEC activity of g-CN under simulated solar-irradiation.

| S-EPMC3703604 | biostudies-literature

s-Heptazine oligomers: promising structural models for graphitic carbon nitride.

Project description:Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) has interesting catalytic properties but is difficult to study due to its structure and how it is produced. In this study, linear s-heptazine oligomers were synthesized to serve as well-defined molecular models for g-CN. Cyclic voltammetry, absorption and emission spectroscopies showed a clear shift of properties towards those of g-CN as the number of heptazine units increased. DFT calculations supported the characterizations, and helped refine the properties observed.

| S-EPMC5954616 | biostudies-literature

The role of guanidine hydrochloride in graphitic carbon nitride synthesis.

Project description:Graphitic carbon nitride (CN) was synthesized from guanidine hydrochloride (G), melamine (M) and dicyandiamide (DCDA). The CN materials synthetized from the pure precursors and their mixtures were characterized by common methods, including thermal analysis, and their photocatalytic activities were tested by the degradation of selected organic pollutants, such as amoxicillin, phenol, Rhodamine B (RhB). Remarkable changes in their texture properties in terms of particle sizes, specific surface areas (SSA) and consequently their photocatalytic activity were explained by the role of guanidine hydrochloride in their synthesis. The SSA increased due to the release of NH3 and HCl and its complex reactions with melamine and DCDA forming structure imperfections and disruptions. The photocatalytic activity of the CN materials was found to be dependent on their SSA.

| S-EPMC8566454 | biostudies-literature

Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet electrode-based high-performance ionic actuator.

Project description:Ionic actuators have attracted attention due to their remarkably large strain under low-voltage stimulation. Because actuation performance is mainly dominated by the electrochemical and electromechanical processes of the electrode layer, the electrode material and structure are crucial. Here, we report a graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet electrode-based ionic actuator that displays high electrochemical activity and electromechanical conversion abilities, including large specific capacitance (259.4 F g(-1)) with ionic liquid as the electrolyte, fast actuation response (0.5±0.03% in 300 ms), large electromechanical strain (0.93±0.03%) and high actuation stability (100,000 cycles) under 3 V. The key to the high performance lies in the hierarchical pore structure with dominant size <2 nm, optimal pyridinic nitrogen active sites (6.78%) and effective conductivity (382 S m(-1)) of the electrode. Our study represents an important step towards artificial muscle technology in which heteroatom modulation in electrodes plays an important role in promoting electrochemical actuation performance.

| S-EPMC4458862 | biostudies-literature

Room temperature synthesis of biodiesel using sulfonated graphitic carbon nitride.

Project description:Sulfonation of graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) affords a polar and strongly acidic catalyst, Sg-CN, which displays unprecedented reactivity and selectivity in biodiesel synthesis and esterification reactions at room temperature.

| S-EPMC5172360 | biostudies-literature

Graphitic carbon nitride nanotubes: a new material for emerging applications.

Project description:We provide a critical review of the current state of the synthesis and applications of nano- and micro-tubes of layered graphitic carbon nitride. This emerging material has a huge potential for light-harvesting applications, including light sensing, artificial photosynthesis, selective photocatalysis, hydrogen storage, light-induced motion, membrane technologies, and can become a major competitor for such established materials as carbon and titania dioxide nanotubes. Graphitic carbon nitride tubes (GCNTs) combine visible-light sensitivity, high charge carrier mobility, and exceptional chemical/photochemical stability, imparting this material with unrivaled photocatalytic activities in photosynthetic processes, such as water splitting and carbon dioxide reduction. The unique geometric GCNT structure and versatility of possible chemical modifications allow new photocatalytic applications of GCNTs to be envisaged including selective photocatalysts of multi-electron processes as well as light-induced and light-directed motion of GCNT-based microswimmers. Closely-packed arrays of aligned GCNTs show great promise as multifunctional membrane materials for the light energy conversion and storage, light-driven pumping of liquids, selective adsorption, and electrochemical applications. These emerging applications require synthetic routes to GCNTs with highly controlled morphological parameters and composition to be available. We recognize three major strategies for the GCNT synthesis including templating, supramolecular assembling of precursors, and scrolling of nano-/microsheets, and outline promising routes for further progress of these approaches in the light of the most important emerging applications of GCNTs.

| S-EPMC9056768 | biostudies-literature

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