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Impacts of Dual-Income Household Rate on Suicide Mortalities in Japan.

ABSTRACT: To explore impact of enhancing social advancement of females in Japan, this study determined the effects of the dual-income household rate on suicide mortalities disaggregated by attributes of gender, age, and motives between 2009 and 2017 in Japan. This study analysed impact of dual-income household rate, other household-related factors (savings, liabilities and yearly incomes per household, minors and elderly rate per household), and social/employment factors (complete unemployment rate, employment rate, temporary male and female employment rates and certification rate of long-term care insurance) on suicide mortalities disaggregated by attributes of gender, age, and motives using hierarchical linear-regression model. Dual-income household rate was significantly/negatively related to suicide mortality of the working-age female population, but significantly/positively related to that of the elderly female population. Suicide mortalities of the working-age male population and the elderly male population were significantly/positively related to dual-income household rate. Male suicide mortalities caused by family-, health-, economy- and employment-related motives were significantly/positively related to dual-income household rate; however, the dual-income household rate was significantly/positively related to female suicide mortalities caused by family-, health-, economy- and school-related motives, but significantly/negatively related to suicide mortalities caused by romance-related motives. Dual-income households suppress social-isolation and develop economical/psychological independence of females, leading to reduced suicide mortality in working-age females. However, elderly and school-age populations, who are supported by the working-age female, suffer from isolation. Working-age males also suffer from inability to adapt from the traditional concept of work-life and work-family balances to the novel work-family balance concept adapted to dual-income households. These results suggest occurrence of new social/family problems in the 21st century due to vulnerability of traditional Japanese culture and life-working-family balance concepts as well as novel sociofamilial disturbances induced by declining birth rate and ageing population in Japan.

SUBMITTER: Nakamoto M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8199206 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Suicide mortality in Japan reduced in the period of 2009-2018. A number of studies identified the impact of financial governmental support for social welfare systems on suicide mortality; however, the detailed effects of specific regional policies, designed according to regional cultural, economic, education and welfare situations, on suicide mortality remain to be clarified. Therefore, the present study analyses the associations between the regional governmental expenditure of six major divisions, "public health", "public works", "police", "ambulance/fire services", "welfare" and "education", and suicide mortalities caused by six major suicidal motives, related to "family", "health", "economy", "employment", "romance" and "school", across the 47 prefectures in Japan during the period of 2009-2018, using fixed-effect analysis of hierarchal linear regression with robust standard error. The expenditure of "public works" displayed a positive relationship with suicide mortality of females caused by family-related motives but was not related to other suicide mortalities, whereas the expenditures in "public health", "police", "ambulance/fire services", "welfare" and "education" contributed to a reduction in suicide mortality, at least in some statistical indicators. The expenditures of both "ambulance/fire" and "education" were predominantly effective among the six major divisions of regional governmental expenditure in reducing suicide mortalities. In the education subdivisions, the expenditure of "kindergarten" was related to a reduction in suicide mortalities caused by a wide spectrum of motives. The amount of expenditure of welfare indicated the limited possibility of facilitating a reduction in suicide mortalities caused by only motives associated with economy or employment. However, in the welfare subdivisions, the expenditure of "child welfare" and "social welfare" was effective in reducing suicide mortalities, but the expenditure of "elderly welfare" was unexpectedly related to an increase in suicide mortalities. These results suggest that most Japanese people are struggling to bring up children even in the situation of an increasing elderly population with a decreasing birth rate. Therefore, it is important to enhance the investment welfare policy for the future to improve the childcare environment. Although the issue of an increasing elderly population and a decreasing birth rate in Japan has not yet improved, the obtained results suggest that evidence-based welfare expenditure redistributions of prefectures and municipalities could improve Japanese society and welfare systems.

Project description:To improve and plan regional suicide prevention programmes that utilise more cost-effective governmental financial support compared with previous programmes, the present study determined the effects of the amount of financial support provided for regional suicide prevention programmes, such as the Emergency Fund to Enhance Community-Based Suicide Countermeasures (EFECBSC), on the trends of suicide mortalities caused by six major suicide motives between 2009 and 2018, using forward multiple regression analysis. The ranking order of motives for male suicide was health, economy, family, employment, romance and school (in that order), whereas the ranking order for females was health, family, economy, romance, employment and school. Male suicide mortality caused by economy-related motives was significantly/inversely related to prefectural intervention programmes, whereas mortality caused by health-related motives was also significantly/inversely related to prefectural intervention programmes, but significantly/positively related to prefectural personal consultation support programmes. Contrary to males, female suicide mortality caused by health-related motives was significantly/inversely related to the municipal development programmes of leaders/listeners, whereas mortality caused by family- and school-related motives was significantly/positively related to prefectural and municipal telephone consultation support programmes, respectively. Contrary to our expectations, school-aged female suicide mortality caused by school-related motives was significantly/positively related to prefectural personal consultation support, enlightenment and municipal telephone consultation support programmes. These results indicate that Japanese regional suicide prevention programmes probably affect the suppression of male suicide mortality. However, these programmes are possibly ineffective, or at least partially, have an adverse effect, in regard to the suicide mortalities of female and school-aged populations. Therefore, we should work to improve regional suicide prevention programmes, making them more cost-effective and targeted towards female and school-aged populations in the future.

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Impacts of Dual-Income Household Rate on Suicide Mortalities in Japan.

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