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Uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall protein): guardian of urinary and systemic homeostasis.

ABSTRACT: Biology has taught us that a protein as abundantly made and conserved among species as Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP or uromodulin) cannot just be a waste product serving no particular purpose. However, for many researchers, THP is merely a nuisance during urine proteome profiling or exosome purification and for clinicians an enigmatic entity without clear disease implications. Thanks to recent human genetic and correlative studies and animal modeling, we now have a renewed appreciation of this highly prevalent protein in not only guarding urinary homeostasis, but also serving as a critical mediator in systemic inter-organ signaling. Beyond a mere barrier that lines the tubules, or a surrogate for nephron mass, mounting evidence suggests that THP is a multifunctional protein critical for modulating renal ion channel activity, salt/water balance, renal and systemic inflammatory response, intertubular communication, mineral crystallization and bacterial adhesion. Indeed, mutations in THP cause a group of inherited kidney diseases, and altered THP expression is associated with increased risks of urinary tract infection, kidney stone, hypertension, hyperuricemia and acute and chronic kidney diseases. Despite the recent surge of information surrounding THP's physiological functions and disease involvement, our knowledge remains incomplete regarding how THP is normally regulated by external and intrinsic factors, how precisely THP deficiency leads to urinary and systemic pathophysiology and in what clinical settings THP can be used as a theranostic biomarker and a target for modulation to improve patient outcomes.

SUBMITTER: Micanovic R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8205501 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Tamm-Horsfall protein and urinary exosome isolation.

Project description:Urinary exosomes have been proposed as starting material for discovery of protein biomarkers of kidney disease. Current protocols for their isolation use a two-step differential centrifugation process. Due to their low density, exosomes are expected to remain in the low-speed (17,000 x g) supernatant and to sediment only when the sample is spun at high speed (200,000 x g). Analysis using western blot and electron microscopy found that urinary exosomes are also present in the low-speed pellet entrapped by polymeric Tamm-Horsfall protein, thus diminishing the procedure's reproducibility. Here we show that addition of dithiothreitol to the low-speed pellet disrupted the polymeric network, presumably by reduction of disulfide bonds linking the monomers. This modification shifted the exosomal proteins from the low- to the high-speed pellet. Also, by shifting the Tamm-Horsfall protein to the high-speed pellet, the use of dithiothreitol makes it feasible to use Tamm-Horsfall protein to normalize excretion rates of exosomal proteins in spot urines. We tested this by western blot, and found that there was a high degree of correlation between exosomal proteins and Tamm-Horsfall protein in the high-speed pellet. Since the yield of exosomes by differential centrifugation can be increased by chemical reduction, Tamm-Horsfall protein may be a suitable normalizing variable for urinary exosome studies when quantitative urine collections are not practical.

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Management of Tamm-Horsfall Protein for Reliable Urinary Analytics.

Project description:PurposeUrinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are a novel source of biomarkers. However, urinary Tamm-Horsfall Protein (THP; uromodulin) interferes with all vesicle isolation attempts, precipitates with normal urinary proteins, thus, representing an unwanted "contaminant" in urinary assays. Thus, the aim is to develop a simple method to manage THP efficiently.Experimental designThe uEVs are isolated by hydrostatic filtration dialysis (HFD) and treated with a defined solution of urea to optimize release of uEVs from sample. Presence of uEVs is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, Western blotting, and proteomic profiling in MS.ResultsUsing HFD with urea treatment for uEV isolation reduces sample complexity to a great extent. The novel simplified uEV isolation protocol allows comprehensive vesicle proteomics analysis and should be part of any urine analytics to release all sample constituents from THP trap.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe method brings a quick and easy protocol for THP management during uEV isolation, providing major benefits for comprehensive sample analytics.

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Tamm-Horsfall Protein Protects the Urinary Tract against <i>Candida albicans</i>.

Project description:Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans and related species are prevalent in hospitalized patients, especially those on antibiotic therapy, with indwelling catheters, or with predisposing conditions such as diabetes or immunodeficiency. Understanding of key host defenses against Candida UTI is critical for developing effective treatment strategies. Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) is the most abundant urine protein, with multiple roles in renal physiology and bladder protection. THP protects against bacterial UTI by blocking bacterial adherence to the bladder epithelium, but its role in defense against fungal pathogens is not yet described. Here we demonstrate that THP restricts colonization of the urinary tract by C. albicans THP binds to C. albicans hyphae, but not the yeast form, in a manner dependent on fungal expression of the Als3 adhesion glycoprotein. THP directly blocks C. albicans adherence to bladder epithelial cells in vitro, and THP-deficient mice display increased fungal burden in a C. albicans UTI model. This work outlines a previously unknown role for THP as an essential component for host immune defense against fungal urinary tract infection.

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Single cell RNASeq of whole mouse kidneys from Uromodulin/Tamm horsfall protein knock-out mice

Project description:To elucidate changes in cellular populations in the ischemic acute kidney injury, we performed single cell RNAseq on mouse kidneys following ischemic reperfusion injury and a sham surgery. Mice were subjected to bilateral clamping of the renal pedicule for 30 minutes. After 6-7 hours of reperfusion the kidneys were removed and processed by a MACs cell isolation protocol and dead cell removal (PMID:33448928) , sorted on a 10X Chromium platform version 3 and libraries generated. Sequencing was performed on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000.

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Tamm-Horsfall Protein Regulates Mononuclear Phagocytes in the Kidney.

Project description:Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), also known as uromodulin, is a kidney-specific protein produced by cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Although predominantly secreted apically into the urine, where it becomes highly polymerized, THP is also released basolaterally, toward the interstitium and circulation, to inhibit tubular inflammatory signaling. Whether, through this latter route, THP can also regulate the function of renal interstitial mononuclear phagocytes (MPCs) remains unclear, however. Here, we show that THP is primarily in a monomeric form in human serum. Compared with wild-type mice, THP-/- mice had markedly fewer MPCs in the kidney. A nonpolymerizing, truncated form of THP stimulated the proliferation of human macrophage cells in culture and partially restored the number of kidney MPCs when administered to THP-/- mice. Furthermore, resident renal MPCs had impaired phagocytic activity in the absence of THP. After ischemia-reperfusion injury, THP-/- mice, compared with wild-type mice, exhibited aggravated injury and an impaired transition of renal macrophages toward an M2 healing phenotype. However, treatment of THP-/- mice with truncated THP after ischemia-reperfusion injury mitigated the worsening of AKI. Taken together, our data suggest that interstitial THP positively regulates mononuclear phagocyte number, plasticity, and phagocytic activity. In addition to the effect of THP on the epithelium and granulopoiesis, this new immunomodulatory role could explain the protection conferred by THP during AKI.

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Tamm-Horsfall urinary glycoprotein. The subunit structure.

Project description:1. Subunit molecular weights of 76000-82000 were obtained for native and alkylated Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. 2. A further estimate of the subunit molecular weight of 79000+/-4000 was obtained by disc gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. 3. A minimum value of the chemical molecular weight of 79000+/-6000 was obtained from the number of N-terminal amino acids released by cyanogen bromide cleavage of the glycoprotein. 4. Similar values were obtained for the subunit molecular weight of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein from patients with cystic fibrosis. 5. On ultracentrifugation both in 1.0% sodium dodecyl sulphate and in 70% formic acid, Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein sedimented as a single component, slightly faster than serum albumin. 6. On reduction of the disulphide bonds the same subunit molecular weight was obtained, which suggested that these bonds are intrachain.

| S-EPMC1179614 | biostudies-other

Tamm-Horsfall urinary glycoprotein. The chemical composition.

Project description:1. A revised amino acid and carbohydrate composition of human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein is presented. 2. No significant differences were obtained in the amino acid composition of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis. 3. The glycoprotein was shown to possess a high half-cystine content of 1 per 11-12 amino acid residues, which has been confirmed by performic acid oxidation and S-alkylation with iodoacetate and iodoacetamide. No thiol groups were detected in the glycoprotein. 4. Treatment of the glycoprotein with 0.5m-sodium hydroxide at 4 degrees C for 2 days did not release heterosaccharide material, which suggests that the predominant carbohydrate-protein linkages present are not of the O-glycosidic type. 5. No N-terminal amino acid was detected in the glycoprotein.

| S-EPMC1179613 | biostudies-other

Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein engages human Siglec-9 to modulate neutrophil activation in the urinary tract.

Project description:Urinary tract infections are a major problem in human medicine for which better understanding of native immune defenses may reveal new pathways for therapeutic intervention. Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP), the most abundant urinary protein, interacts with bacteria including uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) as well host immune cells. In addition to its well-studied functions to antagonize bacterial colonization, we hypothesize that THP serves a critical host defense function through innate immune modulation. Using isolated human neutrophils, we found that THP binds neutrophils and that this interaction reduces reactive oxygen species generation, chemotaxis and killing of UPEC. We discovered that THP engages the inhibitory neutrophil receptor sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin-9 (Siglec-9), and mouse functional ortholog Siglec-E, in a manner dependent on sialic acid on its N-glycan moieties. THP-null mice have significantly more neutrophils present in the urine compared with wild-type mice, both with and without the presence of inflammatory stimuli. These data support THP as an important negative regulator of neutrophil activation in the urinary tract, with dual functions to counteract bacterial colonization and suppress excessive inflammation within the urinary tract.

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Calcium oxalate monohydrate aggregation induced by aggregation of desialylated Tamm-Horsfall protein.

Project description:Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is thought to protect against calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) stone formation by inhibiting COM aggregation. Several studies reported that stone formers produce THP with reduced levels of glycosylation, particularly sialic acid levels, which leads to reduced negative charge. In this study, normal THP was treated with neuraminidase to remove sialic acid residues, confirmed by an isoelectric point shift to higher pH. COM aggregation assays revealed that desialylated THP (ds-THP) promoted COM aggregation, while normal THP inhibited aggregation. The appearance of protein aggregates in solutions at ds-THP concentrations ≥1 μg/mL in 150 mM NaCl correlated with COM aggregation promotion, implying that ds-THP aggregation induced COM aggregation. The aggregation-promoting effect of the ds-THP was independent of pH above its isoelectric point, but was substantially reduced at low ionic strength, where protein aggregation was much reduced. COM aggregation promotion was maximized at a ds-THP to COM mass ratio of ~0.025, which can be explained by a model wherein partial COM surface coverage by ds-THP aggregates promotes crystal aggregation by bridging opposing COM surfaces, whereas higher surface coverage leads to repulsion between adsorbed ds-THP aggregates. Thus, desialylation of THP apparently abrogates a normal defensive action of THP by inducing protein aggregation, and subsequently COM aggregation, a condition that favors kidney stone formation.

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The turnover rate of rabbit urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein.

Project description:1. The turnover rate of urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in rabbits was determined by two different methods. The first involved measurement of the pool size of the glycoprotein in rabbit kidney and the daily urinary excretion rate by a radioimmunoassay from which the turnover rate was calculated. 2. The second method made use of the incorporation in vivo of Na(2) (14)CO(3) and sodium [(14)C]acetate. After a single intramuscular injection of one of these compounds, urine collections were made every 24h and the glycoprotein was isolated and its specific radioactivity was determined. 3. Incorporation of the label into urinary HCO(3) (-), urea and plasma fibrinogen was also examined. The specific radio-activities of the O-acetyl, sialic acid, aspartic acid and glutamic acid residues isolated from the Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein were compared and their half-lives were compared with that of the intact glycoprotein. The two methods gave results in quite close agreement and indicated a half-life for the glycoprotein of approx. 9h. 4. An attempt was made to localize the glycoprotein within the kidney and within the cell. It is present throughout the kidney, but was not detected in the brush-border fraction isolated from the proximal tubules. From differential cell-centrifugation studies, the glycoprotein seemed to be predominantly present in the soluble fraction (100000g supernatant). This suggests that it is either largely a soluble cytoplasmic component or is very loosely bound to a membrane, being readily released under the gentlest homogenization procedure. 5. The half-life of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in human kidney was found by the radioimmunoassay method to be approx. 16h. The similarity between the composition of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and human erythropoietin is discussed.

| S-EPMC1166001 | biostudies-other

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